Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 13.djvu/674

 SCOTISM

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SCOTISM

seventeenth centuiy; during the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries we even find special Scotist chairs, e. g. at Paris, Rome, Coimbra, Salamanca, Al- cald, Padua, and Pa\'ia. In the eighteenth centur>' it had still an important foUomng. but in the nineteenth it suffered a great dechne. One of the reasons for this was the repeated suppressions of the order in almost everj^ countrj', while the recommendation of the teach- ing of St. Thomas by several popes could not be fav- ourable to Scotism. " It has even been asserted that it is now merely tolerated; but this statement is a priori improbable in regard to a school of which not a single proposition has been censured, and to which 80 many highly venerated men (bishops, cardinals, popes, and saints) have belonged; and it is still less probable in \'iew of the approval of the various general statutes (repeated so often down to the present day), in which Scotism is at least recommended. In their Decrees Leo XIII and Pius X have recommended not alone St. Thomas, but also Scholasticism in general, and this includes also the Scotist School. In 1897 Leo XIII approved the " Constitutiones Generales Fratrum Minorum", of which § 245 prescribes for the members of the order: "In doctrinis philosophicis et theologicis antiqua? schola; Franciscans inhsrere etudeant, quin tamen ceteros scholasticos negligant" (In philosophical and theological doctrine they shall take care to follow the ancient Franciscan School, without, however, neglecting the other Schoolmen.) On 11 April, 1904, in a letter to the Minister General, Father Dionysius Schuler, Pius X expressed his pleas- ure at the re\nval of studies in the order in connexion with the Franciscan schools of the Middle Ages, and on 19 June, 1908, in a letter to the above- mentioned Father Marian, praised his book, "Mentis in Deum quotidiana elevatio duce B. Joanne Duns Scoto etc." (Quaracchi, 1907. See Marian, op. cit., n. 66.)

II. ScoTiSTS. — Most Scotists are both philosophers and theologians.

Fourteenth Century. — Pupils of Scotus: Francis Mayron (d. 1327), a very fruitful writer, who intro- duced the actv^ sorbonicus into the University of Paris, i. e. the uninterrupted disputation lasting the whole day. — Petrus Aureolus (d. about 1322), Archbishop of Aix. — William de Rubione (about 1333). — Jerome de Atharia, Order of the Blessed Trinity (about 1323). — Antonius Andrea? (d. about 1320) from Aragon, a true disciple of Scotus, who is said to have written several treati.ses attributed to the master. — John de Bassolis (d. about 1347).— Al varus Pelagius (d. about 1350).— Bishop Petrus de Aquila (d. 1371), called Scotellus from his faithful adherence to Scotus, of whose teach- ing he issued a compendium (new ed., Levanti, 1907— ).— Landulf Caraccioli (d. 1351), Archbishop of Amalfi. — Nicolaus Bonet (Bovet), who went to Peking and died as Bishop of Malta in 1360; John Bacon, Carmelite (d. 1346).

Fifteenth Ccn^ur?/.— William Butler (d. 1410). — Petrus de Candia (d. 1410 as Pope Alexander V). — Nicolaus de Orbellis (d. about 1465), who wrote a commentary on the Sentences (many editions). — William Vorilong (Vorhon etc., d. 1464), a celebrated theologian, who wrote a frequently quoted "Comm. super Senlent.", but who also followed St. Bonaven- ture. — Angelufl Serpetri, General of the Order (d. 1454). — William Gorrifl (about 1480), not a Franciscan, who composed the "Scotus pauperum". — Blessed Angelus of Chivasso (d. 1495), whose "Summa" (called Angelica) is extant in about thirty editions, and contains a great deal of Scotist doctrine; it was publicly burned by Luther with the "Corpus juris canonici" in 1520. — Antonius Sirretus (Sirectus, d. about 1490), famous for hiw "Formalitates", to which several later Scotists wrote commentaries. — Tartare- tuB (about 1495), rector of the University of Paris, and not a Franciscan; Elector Frederick III of Saxony

had his philosophical commentaries introduced into

the University of Wittenberg at his expense. — Thomas Pencket, Augustinian (d. 1487). knew Scotus almost by heart, and edited his works. — Francis Sampson, General of the Order (d. 1491), was called by Pope Sixtus IV, before whom he held a disputation, the most learned of all. — P>ancis de Rovere (d. 1484 as Sixtus IV), who defended in a disputation before Pius II and also in his writings the doctrine that the blood shed by Christ on the Cross was released from the hypostatic union.— Stephen Brulefer (d. about 1499), renowTied professor in Paris and later a Franciscan, who wrote "Comm. in Bonavent. et Scotum" (often edited).

Sixteenth Century. — This period is very rich in names. The following may be mentioned: Paul Script oris (d. 1505), professor at the University of Tubingen, who had as students all the other profes- sors and many other members of religious orders. — Nicholas de ISIusse (d. 1.509). — Mauritius a Portu (d. 1513 as Archbishop of Tuam, Ireland), who wrote a commentary on many works of Scotus. — Francis Lichetus, General of the Order (d. 1520). — Anthony Trombetta, Archbishop of Athens (d. 1518), who wrote and edited able Scotist works. — Philip Vara- gius (about 1510). — Johannes de Monte (about 1510). — Gometius of Lisbon (d. 1513), re-edited the often issued fourteenth-century "Summa Aste- sana". — Frizzoli (d. 1520). — James Almainus (about 1520), Parisian magister and not a Franciscan, fa- voured Gallicanism. — Antonius de Fantes, physician, composed in 1530 a Scotus lexicon. — Jerome Cadius (d. 1529).— Le Bret (about 1527), UTote "Parvus Scotus". — Paduanus Barletta (about 1545). — James Bargius (about 1560). — Johannes Dovetus, who wrote in 1579 " Monotesseron formalitatum Scoti, Sieretti, Trombettae et Bruliferi". — Joseph Angles, bishop and celebrated moralist (d. 1587), wrote the often edited "Flores theol." — Damian Giner issued the "Opus Oxoniense Scoti" in a more convenient form (1598). — Cardinal Sarnanus (d. 1595), a highly distinguished scholar, wrote a commentary on some philosophical works of Scotus, and edited the works of many Scotists. — Salvator Bartolucci (about 1586), also a zealous editor. — Felix Perettus (d. 1590 as Sixtus V).

Seventeenth Century. — Of very many names we may mention: Gothutius (about 1605). — Guido Bartho- lucci (about 1610). — Petrus Bonaventura (about 1607).— Ruitz (about 1613).— Smissing (d. 1626).— Philip Faber (d. 1630). — Albergonius. bi.shop (d. 1636).— Centini, bi.shop (d. 1640).— Matthsus de Sousa (about 1629). — Merinero, bishop (about 1663).— Francis Felix (about 1642).— Vulpes (d. 1647) wrote "Summa" and "Commen. theologia; Scoti" in twelve folio volumes. — Blondus, bishop (d. 1644).— Gavatius, archbishop (d. 1658).— Wadding (d. 1657), a well-known annalist, edited with other Irishmen in the College of S. Isidore at Rome the com- plete works of Scotus (12 vols., Lyons, 1639), with the commentaries of Pitigianus of Arezzo (d. 1616), Pon- cius (d. 1660), Mauritius a Portu (Mac Caughwell), Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of Ireland (d. 1626), and Anthony Hickey (d. 1641); reprinted Paris, 1891-95. — Bricemo, named on account of his keen- ness of intellect the Second Scotus, Bi.shop of Vene- zuela (d. 1667).— Belluti (d. 1676), edited with Mas- trius a highly prized "Philosoi)hia ad mentem Scoti" (many editions). — Mastrius himself (d. 1673) wrote a celebrated " Disputationes theol." (many editions) and "Theologia ad mentem Scoti" (1671, etc.). — Ferchius (d. 1666) wrote "Vita et apologia Scoti, etc."— Bruodinus (d. 1664).— Herinckx (d. 1678), Bishop of Ypres.- Stumel (d. 1681 at Fulda).— Boi- vin, highly-esteemed philosopher and theologian (several editions of works, 1678, etc.). — Sannig (about 1690). — Lambrccht (about 1696), named the Viennese