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 RICHARD

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RICHARD

had so far prevented the reaUzation of this pious design. Now that he was more free the j-oung King seems to have been conscientiously in earnest in putting the recovery of the Holy Land before every- thing else. Though the expedients by which he set to work to gather every penny of ready money upon which he could lay hands were alike unscrupulous and impolitic, there is something which commands respect in the energy which he threw into the task. He sold sheriffdoms', justiceships, church lands, and appointments of all kinds, both lay and secular, prac- ticallv to the highest bidder. He was not ungenerous in providing for his brothers John and Geoffrey, and he showed a certain prudence in exacting a promise from them to remain out of England for three years, in order to leave a free hand to the new Chancellor William of Longchamp, who was to govern England in his absence. Unfortunately he took with him manv of the men, e. g. Archbishop Baldwin, Hubert Walter, and Ranulf Glanvill, whose statesmanship and experience would have been most useful in governing England, and left behind many restless spirits like John himself and Longchamp, whose energy might have been serviceable against the in- fidel.

Already on 11 Dec, 1189, Richard was ready to cross to "Calais. He met Philip Augustus, who was also to start on the Crusade, and the two Kings swore to defend each other's dominions as they would their own. The storj^ of the third Crusade has already been told in some detail (see vol. IV, p. 549). It was September, 1190, before Richard reached Marseilles; he pushed on to Messina and waited for the spring. There miserable quarrels occurred with Philip, whose sister he now refused to marry, and this trouble was complicated by an interference in the affairs of Sicily, which the Emjperor Henry VI watched with a jealous eye, and which later on was to cost Richard dear. Setting sail in March, he was driven to Cyprus, where he quarrelled with Isaac Comnenus, seized the island, and married Berengaria of Navarre. He at last reached Acre in June and after prodigies of valour captured it. Phihp then returned to France but Richard made two desperate efforts to reach Jeru- salem, the first of which might have succeeded had he known the panic and weakness of the foe. Saladin was a worthy opponent, but terrible acts of cruelty as well as of chivalry took place, notably when Richard slew his Saracen prisoners in a fit of passion. In July, 1192, further effort seemed hopeless, and the King of England's presence was badly needed at home to secure his own dominions from the treacherous intrigues of John. Hiistening back Richard was wrecked in the Adriatic, and falling eventually into the hands of Leopold of Austria, he was sold to the Emperor Henry \'I, who kept him prisoner for over a year and extorted a portentous ransom which Eng- land was racked to pay. Recent investigation has shown that the motives of Henry's conduct wen; less vindictive than political. Richard was induced to surrender England to the Eiiii»(Tor (is John a few years \'dUtr was to make over England to the Holy See;, and then Henrj' conferred tlie kiiigdoiri upon his captive as a fief at the Diet of Mainz, in Feb., 1194 (see Bloch, "Forschungen", Apix-ndix IV'). Despite the intrigues of King Philip and John, Richard had loyal friends in England. Hubert Walter harl now reached home and worked energeti- cally with the Just ices to rai.se the ran.som, while Eleanor the (^ueen Mother obtained from the Holy See an exwjmmunication against his captcjrs. Eng- land responded nobly to the appeal for money and Itichard reached home in March, 1194.

He hhowed little gratitude t<i his native land, and after t-pending lesw thnn two months there quitted it for hia foreign dominions never to return. Still, in Hubert Walter, who was now both Archbishop of

Canterbury and Justiciar, he left it a capable gov- ernor. Hubert tried to wring unconstitutional sup- plies and service from the impoverished barons and clergy, but failed in at least one such demand before the resolute opposition of St. Hugh of Lincoln. Richard's diplomatic struggles and his campaigns against the wily King of France were very costly but fairly successful. He would probably have triumphed in the end, but a bolt from a cross-bow while he was besieging the castle of Chaluz inflicted a mortal injury. He died, after receiving the last sacraments with signs of sincere repentance. In spite of his greed, his lack of principle, and, on occasions, his ferocious savagery. Richard had many good instincts. He thoroughly respected a man of fearless integrity like St. Hugh of Lincoln, and Bishop Stubbs says of him with justice that he was perhaps the most sin- cerely religious prince of his family. "He heard Mass daily, and on three occasions did penance in a very remarkable way, simply on the impulse of his owTi distressed conscience. He never showed the brutal profanity of John."

Lingard and all other standard Histories of England deal fully with the reign and personal character of Richard. Davis, A History of Ennhind in Sir Volumes, II (2nd ed., London, 1909), and Adams, The Political History of England, II (London, 1905), may be specially recommended. The Prefaces contributed by Bishop Stubbs to his editions of various Chronicles in the R. S. are also very valuable, notably those to Roger of Hoveden (London. lS6S-71);RalphdeDicelo (187.5); and Benedict of Peter- borough (1867). Besides these should be mentioned in the same se- ries the twoextremely important volumes of Chronicles and Memo- rials of the Reign of Richard I (London, 1864-65), also edited by Stubbs; the Magna Vita S. Hugonis, edited by Dimock, 1864; and Randulphi de Coggeshall Chronicon Anglicanum, ed. Steven- son, 1875. See also Norgate, Englnnd under the Angevin Kings (London, 1889); Luchaire and Lavisse, Histoire de France (Paris, 1902); Kneller, Des Richard Ldwenherz deutsche Ge- fangenshaft (Freiburg, 1893) ; Bloch, Forschungen zur Politik Kaisers Heinrich VI in den Jahren 1191-1194 (Berlin, 1892); Kindt, Griinde der Gefangenschaft Richard I von England (Halle, 1892) ; and especially RQhricht, Gesch. d. Konigreich Jerusalem (Innsbruck, 1890).

Herbert Thurston.

Richard, Charles-Louis, theologian and publi- cist; b. at Blainville-sur-l'Eau, in Lorraine, April, 1711; d. at Mons, Belgium, 16 Aug., 1794. His family, though of noble descent, was poor, and he received his education in the schools of his native town. At the age of sixteen he entered the Order of St. Dominic and, after his religious profession, was sent to study theology in Paris, where he received the Doctorate at the Sorbonne. lie next applied himself to preaching and the defence of religion against d'Alembert, Voltaire, and their confederates. The outbreak of the Revolution forced him to seek refuge at Mons, in Belgium. During the second invasion of that (!Oimtry by the French, in 1794, old age iire- vented him from fleeing, and, though he eluded his pursuers for some time, he was at la,st detected, tried by court martial, and shot, as the Mutlior of "Parall61e des Juifs qui ont crucifix Jesus-Christ, avec les Fran^ais qui ont ex6cut6 leur roi"(Mons, 1794). Among his works may be mentioned " Biblio- th^que sacr6e, oti dictionnaire universelle des sciences eccldsiastiques" (5 vols., Paris, 1760) and "Sujjple- ment" (Paris, 1765), the last and enlarged edition being that of Paris, 1821-27, 29 vols., and "Analyses des conciles gdndraux ct particuliers ' (5 vols., Paris, 1772-77).

MouLAERT, Ch. L. Richard aus dem Predigerorden (Ratisbon, 1870); Nomenclalor, III (3rd ed.). 433-35.

H. J. SCHROEDER.

Richard, Cabriei

See Detroit, Diocese of.

See Thomas Johnson,

Richard Bere, Blessed. Blehsei).

Richard de Bury, bi.shop and bibliophile, b. near Bury St. Eflmunil's, Suffolk, England, 24 Jan., 1286; d. at Auckland, Durham, England, 24 April, 1345. He was the son of Sir Richard Aungervillc, but was