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monks and nuns), which was established in HOG by St. Paulina, daughter of the Thuringian Count Moricho, jointly with her son Werner, and was sup- pressed in 1534; further, the Church of Our Lady at Arnstadt, the church at Stadtilm, and many village churches, which have excellent carvings from the celebrated school of carving in the Benedictine Mon- astery of Saalfeld.

In 1771 Catholic services were held again in the principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt for the miners who had come from Austria, and had been granted the right to exercise their religion, but not in public. Catholics received the right of publicly exercising their religion when the principality joined the Confederation of the Rhine and later joined the German Confederation. In both principalities the periodical church services were under the care of prie.sts from Erfurt. Much of the credit for the further development of CathoUc affairs in Schwarz- burg-Rudolstadt is due to James Hermann von Ber- trab, who, although a Catholic, was the head of the Rudolstadt ministry until his death in 1887. In Schwarzburg-Sondershausen the first Catholic parish was formed at Arnstadt. From 1817 the Govern- ment permitted the holding of Catholic services. By an edict of the sovereign of 15 April, 1837, the Catholic parish was granted corporate rights. By a decree of the Propaganda of 27 June, 1869, the eccle- siastical jurisdiction over the Catholics of the two principalities was transferred to the Bishop of Pa- derborn. Before this the bishop had exert eel himself on behalf of the Catholics of Schwarzburg, but lacking a canonically legal title had hesitated to introduce any regular parish work. By an edict of the ruler of 10 November, 1871, the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Paderborn was recognized by the government in Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, and per- mission was given for the appointment of a perma- nent priest at Rudolstadt for the entire Upper Barony of Rudolstadt under the title of mission priest. By- decree of the ruler of 10 July, 1874, the parish re- ceived the legal rights of a private juridical person. In Schwarzburg-Sondershausen the transfer of the jurisdiction to the Bishop of Paderborn was looked upon as a concession of the Government made to the bishop of the time, because the transfer was a one-sided one, made without agreement with the Government. Each new bishop, therefore, must notify the Government of Schwarzburg-Sonders- hausen of his appointment, whereupon he receives a new confirmation of his right to exercise jurisdic- tion.

A permanent mission priest was appointed at Arn- stadt for the entire Upper Barony of Sondershausen by an edict of the ruler of 26 January, 1871. At a later date another Catholic parish was formed at Sondershausen, where in 1896 a permanent parish priest was appointed for the Lower Barony of Son- dershausen. Since 1900 the spiritual care of the Lower Barony of Rudolstadt has also been trans- ferred to this priest by the bishop. These parishes received legal competence by an edict of the ruler of 9 July, 1902. The legal competence of the parish at Arnstadt was again confirmed by an edict of of 9 February, 1905. By a law of 21 July, 1905, both parishes were raised to corporations of public right. While the State gives the Catholic communi- ties no financial aid of any kind. Prince Charles Giinther won the gratitude of the Catholics by his contributions to the building of churches and by promoting the interests of his Catholic subjects. Notwithstanding the permanent transfer to the Bishop of Paderborn the Schwarzburg territory has remained canonically a mission country. The parishes of both divisions belong to the deanery of Erfurt. In many cases, instead of the bishop, the "ecclesiastical court" of Erfurt exercises jurisdic-

tion, as it also does in the government district of Erfurt-Merseburg. Since 1881 there has been, with the tacit permission of the Government, a house of the Sisters of St. Elizabeth (Grey Sisters) from Bres- lau at Rudolstadt, who work as visiting nurses. The Government does not claim the right of super- vising the administration of the property of the Church. No tithes may be collected. In both prin- cipalities all the primary schools are Lutheran. There are private Catholic primary schools since 1882 at Rudolstadt (62 children in 1910), since 1898 at Sondershausen (28 children in 1910), and since 1872 at Arnstadt (72 children in 1910). Neither the State nor the community gives any financial aid. In Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt children who have received Protestant baptism cannot be taken as pupils in the Catholic private schools, even if they spring from mixed marriages or from purely Catholic manages.

Apfei.stedt, Gesch. des Schwarzburgischen Hauses (Sonders- hausen, 1856); EiNicKE, Zwanzig Jahre Schwarzburg. Reforma- tionsgesch. (2 vols., Nordhausen, 1904-09), Protestant; Frei- SEX, Staat und kathol. Kirche in den deutschen Bundesstaaten, II (Stuttgart, 1906), 145 sqq.; Idem, Der kathol. u. protestant. Pfarrzwang (Paderborn, 190G), 47 sqq.

Herman Sacher.

Schwarzenberg, Friedrich, Prince of, cardinal and I'riiicc-Arclihishoi) of Prague, b. at Vienna, 6 April, 1809; d. there, 27 March, 1885. Son of Prince Joseph John Schwarzenberg and his spouse Pauline (nee Princess Arenberg), he was baptized in his father's palace in Vienna. When Napoleon advanced upon Vienna, the mother fled with her one- month-old child to Krummau in Bohemia. In the summer of the following year she accompanied her husband and eldest daughter to Paris to be present at the marriage festivities of Napoleon and Arch- duchess Marie-Louise. During the celebration she and her daughter were burned to death; a golden necklace, on which were engraved the names of her ten children (including that of Friedrich), alone made it possible to identify the charred mass as her re- mains. Her sister-in-law Eleanora henceforth acted as mother to the children and was always called by Fritz his "Eiigclstantc". When he was five years old, Fritz was placed under the care of the learned and able Father Lorenz Greif. Having completed the secondary school course in the Schotten gymna- sium, he applied himself to juridical studies with great success. Reluctantly he now revealed to his father his desire to consecrate his life to the service of God in the priesthood, as this was for him the surest way to heaven. The father gave his consent with some hesitation.

Fritz began his theological studies at Salzburg, as his numerous relatives in Vienna would prove too great a distraction. Archbishop Gruber was his spir- itual father, and one cannot peruse their correspond- ence without emotion. Able professors, among whom Josejih Othmar von Rauscher was conspicuous, fanned the enthusiasm of the young student. Fritz was to make his last year's theology at Vienna, where he was to reside in the clerical seminary. The rector, Franz Zenner, a strict disciplinarian, acted almost harshly towards Schwarzenberg. Besides the univer- sity lectures he received private instruction in phi- losophy from Giinther, who later exercised a constant guiding influence over his pupil. On entering the clerical state, Friedrich had promised his father to accept none of the higher orders before his twenty- fourth year. On the completion of his theological studies, the question arose of how the remaining two years were to be passed. Friedrich was seized with a desire to travel, which his father was anxious to gratify. However, Bishop Gruber insisted that he must study for the doctorate, while Zenner demanded that the candidate for the doctorship must continue