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 SCHWANE

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SCHWANN

work as a schoolmaster in order to avoid conscription. His " First Mass in F" was finished on 22 July, 1814, and performed by the Lichtenthal choir under the direction of Holzer. Competent critics have pro- nounced this mass as perhaps the niost wonderful first work by any composer, save in the case of Beethoven's ''Mass in C". Schubert conducted the second performance at the August inian church on 26 October, his brother, Ferdinand, iiresiding at the organ. During the same year he produced a sjtu- phony and a "Salve Regina", as well as some songs and instrumental pieces. His famous "Erl King", dates from November, 1815, as does his " Mass in G" — wonderful for a boy of eighteen. His compositions for 1816 include a "Salve Regina", a "Stabat Mater", a "Tantum Ergo", and a "Magnificat", as also two symphonies, and some delightful songs, including the

J "Wanderer". He

conducted the mu- sic at high Mass at the Altlerchen- felder church on Easter Sunday, 1820, and in the same year pro- duced an Easter cantata and an opera. His produc- tivity from 1821 to 1824 was enor- mous, "Rosa- munde" and his "Mass in A flat" being of per- manent value. His glorious "Ave I\I aria " dates from 1825, apropos of Fkanz Schubert ^.j^j^j^ ^le writes

that at the time he was filled with overpowering de- votion to the Blessed Virgin. The three Shakespcrian songs of 1826 are still of interest. In 1827 he was gratified with a eulogy from the dying Beethoven, whom he visited in his last illness, and whose remains he followed to the grave. He subsequently wrote an opera, a number of songs, and the second part of the "Winterreise". Early in June, 1827, he was elected a member of the musical society of Vienna, and in 1828, produced his marvellous "Symphony in C", his "Mass in E flat", an oratorio, a hymn to the Holy Ghost, a string quartet, a "Tantum Ergo" in E flat, and a lovely "Benedictus". His last appear- ance in pubhc was on 3 November, 1828, when he went to hear his brother's new "Requiem": he died a fortnight later, and his ob.sequies were celebrated in the little Chapel of St. Joseph m Margarethen. On 21 November, the body was interred at Wiihring, close to the grave of Beethoven, and on 23 Decem- ber his solemn month's mind was celebrated in the Augustinian Church, when a "Requiem" by Hiitten- brenner was performed. The corpse was re-interred in the central cemetery, Vienna, on 23 September, 1888. Schubert produced a phenomenal amount of music, his songs alone numbering about six hundred and three. His compositions came into prominence owing to their advocacy by Liszt, Schumann, and Mendels.sohn, but he was in advance of his time and it was not until thirty years after his death that his wonderful genius was fully appreciated. Essaying all forms of composition, he was successful in all, and he may bo regarded as second only to Beethoven. In particular, his unfinished symphony, his "Rosamunde" Entr'acte, his "Mass in E flat", and about a dozen of his songs are immortal masterpieces.

Von Hellbobs, Pram Schuherl (Vienna, 186.5); Frobt. Behvheri (London. 1881); Gbove, Did. of Muiic and Muncuins,

IV (London. 1909). w. H. Grattan-Elood.

Schwane, Joseph, a theological writer, b. at DorS' ten in Westphalia, 2 April, 1824; d. at Miinster, 6 June, 1892. After receiving his early education at Dorsten and Recklinghausen, he studied philosophy and theology at Miinster (1843-7), and upon his ordination to the priesthood, 29 May, 1847, continued his studies for two years at the universities of Bonn and Tubingen. Hereupon he became director of Count von Galen's institute at Miinster, was privat- doccnt in church history, moral theology, and history of dogmatics at the University of Miinster (1853-9), and assistant professor (1859-67). In 1867 he was appointed professor-in-ordinary of moral theology, history of dogmatics, and symbolism, at the same time lecturing on dogmatic theology along with the aged Berlage, whom he succeeded as professor of dogmatic theology in 1881. Leo XIII honoured him with the title of domestic prelate in 1890. His chief work is "Dogmengeschichte", the pioneer Catholic work of its kind, covering the entire history of dogmatics (4 vols., I, Miinster, 1862; 2nd ed., Freiburg, 1892; II, Miinster, 1869; 2nd ed., Freiburg, 1895; III, Freiburg, 1882; IV, Freiburg, 1890). His larger works in the field of moral theology are: "Die theologische Lehre uber die Vertrage mit Beriick- sichtigung der Civilgesetze, besonders der preus- sischen, allgemein deutschen und franzosischcn " (Miinster, 1871; 2nd ed., 1872); "Die Gerechtigkcit und die damit verwandten sittlichen Tugenden und Pflichten des gesellschaftlichen Lebens" (Freiburg, 1873); "Spezielle Moraltheologie" (Freiburg, 1878- 1885). Smaller works are: "DasgottlicheVorherwissen und seine neuesten Gegner" (Miinster, 1855); "De controversia, qua; de valore baptismi hsereticorum inter S. Stephanum Papam et S. Cyprianum agitata sit, commentatio historico-dogmatica" (Miinster, 1860); "De operibus supererogatoriis et consiliis evangelicis in genere" (Miinster, 1868); "Die eucha- ristische Opferhandlung" (Freiburg, 1889); "Ueber die scientia media und ihre Verwendung fiir die Lehre von der Gnade und Freiheit" in "Tiibinger theol. Quartalschrift", XXXII (18.50), 394-459, and numer- ous other contributions to theological magazines.

Chronik der Akademie zu Miinster, VII (1S92-3), 4 sq.: Lau- CHERT in Allgem. deutsche Biogr., LIV (Leipzig, 1908), 268-9.

Michael Ott.

Schwann, Theodor, German physiologist and founder of the theory of the cellular structure of animal organisms; b. at Neuss, 7 December, 1810; d. at Cologne, 11 January, 1882. He studied med- icine at Bonn, where one of his teachers was the celebrated physiologist John M tiller, and also at Wiirzburg, and at Berlin where he obtained his degree in 1834. His dissertation for the doctorate on the breathing of the embryo of the hen in the egg, "De necessitate icris atmospha^rici ad evolutionem pulli in ovo incubato" attracted the attention of the medical world. After graduation he acted as assistant in the anatomical museum at Berlin; in 1839 he became professor of anatomy at the Catholic University of Louvain; in 1848 professor of physi- ology and comparative anatomy at Liege and in 1880 retired from teaching. Schwann proved that animal cells are in morphological and physiological accordance with those of plants, and that all animal tissues proceed partly from cells and are partly com- posed of them. He established this theory in his chief work: "Mikroskopisehe Untersuchungen iiber die tTbereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstum der Tiere und Pflanzen" (Berlin, 1839). Before this John Purkinje (1787-1869) had pointed out the analogy between the nuclei of the animal cell and of the plant cell, still Schwann deserves the credit of having developed and established this theory. Kolliker's cellular physiology and Virchow's cellular pathology aje based pn Schwann's theory. Schwann