Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 13.djvu/652

 SCHRADER

590

SCHRANE

up their abode at the little Church of Weih-St- Peter at Ratisbon. Their number soon increased and a larger monastery was built for them (about 1090) by Burgrave Otto of Ratisbon and his brother Henn,'. This became the famous Scotch Monas- ten,' of St. Jacob at Ratisbon, the mother-house of a series of other Schottenkloster. It founded the Abbeys of St. Jacob at Wiirzburg (about 1134), St. .Egidius at Nuremberg (1140), St. Jacob at Con- stance (1142), Our Blessed Lady at Vienna (1158), St. Nicolas at Memmingen (1168), Holy Cross at Eichstiitt (1194), and the Priory of Kelheim (1231). These, together with the Abbey of St. Jacob at Erfurt (1036), and the Priory of Weih-St-Peter at Ratisbon, formed the famous congregation of the German Schottenkloster which was erected by Innocent III in 1215, with the Abbot of St. Jacob at Ratisbon as abbot -general. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries most of these monasteries were on the decline, partly for want of Scotch or Irish monks, partly on account of great laxity of discipline and financial difficulties. In consequence, the abbeys of Nuremberg and Vienna were withdrawn from the Scotch congregation and repeopled by German monks in 1418. The Abbey of St. Jacob Wiirzburg was left without any monks after the death of Abbot Philip in 1497. It was then repeopled by German monks and in l.')06 joined the congregation of Burs- feld. In 1595, however, it was restored to the Scotch congregation and continued to be occupied by Scotch monks until its suppression in 1803. The abbey of Constance began to decline in the first half of the fifteenth century and was suppressed in 1530. That of ]\Iemmingen also disappeared during the early period of the Protestant Reformation. The Abbey of Holy Cross at Eichstiitt seems to have ceased earlv in the fourteenth century. In consequence of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland many Scotch Benedictines left their country and took refuge in the Schottenkloster of Germany during the sixteenth century. The Scotch monasteries in Ratisbon, Erfurt, and Wiirzburg again began to flourish temporarily, but all endeavours to regain the monasteries of Nuremberg, Vienna, and Con- stance for monks of Scotch nationality were useless. In 1692 Abbot Placidus Flemming of Ratisbon reor- ganized the Scotch congregation which now com- prised the monasteries of Ratisbon, Erfurt, and Wiirzburg, the only remaining Schottenkloster in Germany. He also erected a seminary in connexion with the mona-stery at Ratisbon. But the forced secularization of monasteries in 1803 put an end to the Scotch abbeys of Erfurt and Wiirzburg, leaving St. Jacob's at Ratisbon as the only surviving Schot- tenkloster in Germany. Though since 1827 this monastery was again permitted to accept novices, the number of its monks dwindled down to two capit- ulars in 1862. There being no hope of any increase, Pius IX suppressed this last Schottenkloster in his brief of 2 September, 1862. Its revenues were dis- tributed between the diocesan seminary of Ratisbon and the Scotch Cfjllege at Rome.

I{F,N7.. HeUrOne nur Or^rh. der SrhoUenahtei SI. Jacob u. deg Pri- oratn Weih St. Peler in Regenshurfj in Stwlien und Miileilungen aus dem B<'n. un4 CUt. Orden, XVI-XVIII rBrttnn, 189.5-7); JaN- NER, Die Srhollen in Ref/ennhura und ihre Kirche zu St. Jacob (Rat- iflbon. \HH'>); Waldf.rdorf, .S. Mercherdnch, S. Marian und die Anfange der SchoUfnkldiler in Rcnennburt] in Verhandlungen des hi>,t. Vereino ton Oborpfah. XXXIV (Ratisbon, 1879). 187-2.32; Wattf.nbach in Zeilirhrift fUr chrinlliche Archaologie und Kunul (IH.V.). 21-:J0. 49-.5H; Hooan, Iri^h Monasteries in Germanu in Irish Ecrl. Record. XVI (Dublin. ISO.")). 80.5-874; Dunn. Irish Monks on the Continent in Cnth. UniversUi/ Bulletin, X (1904), 307-.328; Lindvf.r, Monnsticon Metropolis Sahburgensis antiqut (.^alzburK, 190S), 417-422; Gouoaud. CEuvre deji Srolti dans VEnrope Continental in Rev. d'llist. EccL. IX (Lourain, 1908). 21-37.257-277. MiCHAEL OtT.

Schrader, Clement, Jesuit theologian, b. at It- ztim, in Hanover, Nov., 1820; d. at Poitiers 23 Feb., 1875. He studied at the German College at Rome

(1840-48) and entered the Society of Jesus on 17 May, 1848. For a time he filled the post of prefect of studies in the German College; subsequently he lec- tured in the Roman College on dogmatic theology, and later on joined the theological faculty of Vienna. In 1867 he became a member of the theological com- mission appointed to prepare the preliminaries for the Vatican Council. On his refusal to take the oath of fidelity to the Constitution of 1867 he was, not long after the council had been prorogued, deprived of his professorship by the Austrian Government. The remainder of his life was devoted to the teaching of theology in the Catholic University of Poitiers where he succumbed to an attack of pneumonia. Schrader's thorough grasp of scholastic theology is evidenced by the many works that bear his name. Chief among these are: "De Deo Creante"; "De triplici Ordine"; eight series of these, dealing with various theological questions, e. g. predestination, actual grace, faith, human society; "De unitate Ro- mana" (according to Hurter, by far his ablest work). He assisted Passaglia in several of his works, notably in the latter's monumental treatise on the Immacu- late Conception. He was also actively engaged in the conduct of a periodical published at Vienna (1864- 67), and entitled "Der Papst und die modernen Ideen". The Syllabus of Pius IX is given in a Ger- man translation and a number of counter proiwsitions added with a view to bringing out in clearer light the exact significance of the errors condemned in the Syllabus.

Hurter, Nomenclator, III, 1245; Sommervoqel, Bibl. de la C. de J., VII, 912.

J. A. Cahill.

Schram (Schramm), Dominic, a Benedictine theo- logian and canonist, b. at Bamberg, 24 October, 1722; d. in the monastery of Banz near Bamberg, 21 Sep- tember, 1797. He took vows at Banz, 13 November, 1743, and, after being ordained priest, 18 August, 1748, taught at his monastery: at first, mathematics (1757), then canon law (1760), then philosophy (1762) and, soon after, theology. In 1782 he reluctantly ac- cepted the position of prior in the monastery of Michelsberg at Bamberg, whence he returned to Banz in 1787. His chief works are: "Compendium theologise dogmaticic, scholasticae, et moralis, me- thodo scientifica propositum", 3 vols. (Augsburg, 1768; 3d edition, Turin, 1837-9); " Institutiones theologise mysticaj", 2 vols. (Ausburg, 1774; 3d edi- tion, Paris, 1868), his best work; Analysis operum SS. Patrum et scriptorum ecclesiasticorum", 18 vols., reaching as far as St. Damasus (Augsburg 1780-96); "Institutiones juris ecclesiastici publici et privati", 3 vols. (Augsburg, 1774-5; 2d ed., 1782); "Epitome canonum ecclesiasticorum ex conciliis Germaniaj col- lecta" (Augsburg, 1774); and a newly-arranged edi- tion of the "Summa Conciliorum" of Carranza con- tinued up to Pius VI, 4 vols. (Augsburg, 1778).

LiNDNF.R, Die Schriftstfller des Benediktiner-Ordens in Bayern 1750-1880 (Rati.sbon, 1880) II, 213-4; Hurter, Nomenclator Literarius, III. 340-1.

Michael Ott.

Schrank, Franz Paula von, naturali.st, b. at Varn- bach near Schiirding on the Inn, 21 August, 1747; d. at Munich, 22 Dcicember, 1835. At the age of nine he commenced his studies at the Jesuit College at Paa- sau, and at fifteen entered the Society of Jesus. The first year of his novitiate was spent at Vienna, and the second at the college in Oedenburg, Hungary, where Father Sluha, a former missionary in Brazil, interested him in the study of nature. His higher studies were made sliccessively at Raab, Tyrnau, and Vienna. His strength having been impaired by excessive (exertion during his botanical expedition, he was, in 1769, ap- pointed instructor at the college at Linz. After the suppression of his order, he moved to Vienna where he