Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 13.djvu/65

 RICHARD

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RICHARD

friend, Rice applied to the Holy See for approbation and a constitution for his society. In 1820 Pius VII formally confirmed the new congregation of "Fratrea Monachi" by the Brief "Ad pastoralis dignitatis fastigium". This was the first confirmation by the Church of a congregation of religious men in Ireland. Brother Rice was unanimously elected superior gen- eral by the members. All the houses were united except the house in Cork, where Bishop Murphy re- fused his consent. Later, however, in 1826, the Brothers in Cork attained the object of their desire, but one of their number, preferring the old condition of things, offered his services to the bishop, who placed him in charge of a school on the south side of the city. This secession of Br. Austin Reardon was the origin of the teaching congregation of the Pres- entation Brothers. The confirmation of the new Institute attracted considerable attention, even out- side of Ireland, and many presented themselves for the novitiate. The founder removed the seat of govern- ment to Dublin.

At this time the agitation for Catholic Emancipa- tion was at its height and the people were roused to indignation by the reports of the proselytizing prac- tices carried on in the Government schools. Brother Rice conceived the idea of establishing a "Catholic Model School". The "Liberator" entered warmlj'^ into his scheme, and procured a grant of £1500 from the Catholic Association in aid of the proposed build- ing. On St. Columba's day, 1828, Daniel O'Connell laid the foundation stone, in North Richmond Street, Dublin, of the famous school, since known as the "O'Connell Schools". In his speech on the occasion he referred to Brother Rice as "My old friend, Mr. Rice, the Patriarch of the Monks of the west". The founder resigned his office in 1838 and spent his re- maining years in Mount Sion. Before his death he saw eleven communities of his institute in Ireland, eleven in England, and one in Sydney, Australia, while applications for foundations had been received from the Archbi.shop of Baltimore and from bishops in Canada, Newfoundland, and other places.

Patkick J. Hennessy.

Richard, a Friar Minor and preacher, appearing in history between 1428 and 1431, whose origin and nationality are unknown. He is .sometimes called the disciple of St. Bernurdine of Sicitna and of St. Vincent Ferrer, but probably onlj^ becau.se, like the former, he promoted the veneration of the lloly Name of Jesus and, like the latter, announced the end of the world as near. In 1428 Richard came from the Holy Land to France, preached at Troja's, newt year in Paris dui'ing ten days (16-26 Ajjril) every morning from about five o'clock to ten or eleven. He had such a sway over his numerous auditors that after his sermons the men burned their dice, and the women their vanities. Having been threatened by the Faculty of Theology on account of his doctrine — perhaps, also, because he was believed to favour Charles VII, King of France, whilst Paris was then in the hands of the English- he left Paris suddenly and betook himself to Orleans and Troyes. In the latter town he first met Bl. Joan of Arc. Having contributed much to the submission of Troyes to Charles VII, Richard now followed the; French army and became confessor and chaplain to Bl. Joan. Some differences, however, arose between the two on account of Catherine de la Rochelle, who was protected by the friar, but scorned by Joan. Richard's name figures also in the i)roceedings against Bl. Joan of Arc in 1431 ; in the same year he preached the Lent in Orleans and shortly after was interdictecl from preaching by the inquisitor of Poitiers. No trace of him is found after this.

DE Kerval, Jeanne d' Arc el lex Franciscains (Vanves, 1893); Debout, Jeanne d'Arc (Paris, 1905-07), 1, 694-97 and passim; Wallon, Jeanne d'Arc (Paris, 1883), 12.5, 200, 261.

LiVARIUS OUGER.

Richard I, King of England, b. at Oxford, 6 Sept., 1157; d. at Chaluz, France, 6 April, 1199; was known to the minstrels of a later age, rather than to his contemporaries, as "Coeur-de-Lion". He was only the second son of Henry II, but it was part of his father's policy, holding, as he did, continental dominions of great extent and little mutual cohesion, to assign them to his children during his own life- time and even to have his sons brought up among the people they were destined to govern. To Richard were allotted the territories in the South of France belonging to his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine, and before he was sixteen he was inducted as Duke of that province. It was a weak point in the old King's management of his sons, that, while dazzling them with brilliant prospects, he invested them with very little of the substance of power. In 1173 the young Henry, who, following a German usage, had already been crowned king in the lifetime of his father, broke out into open revolt, being instigated thereto by his father-in-law, Louis VII, King of France. Xhider the influence of their mother Eleanor, who bitt(>rly resented her husband's infidelities, Geoffrey and Richard in 1173 also threw in their lot with the rebel and took up arms against their father. Allies gathered round them and the situation grew so threatening, that Henry II thought it well to propi- tiate heaven by doing penance at the tomb of the martyred Archbishop St. Thomas (11 July, 1174). By a remarkable coincidence, on the very next day, a victory in Northumberland over William, King of Scotland, disposed of Henry's most formidable op- ponent. Returning with a large force to France, the King swept all before him, and though Richard for a while held out alone he was compelled by 21 Sept. to sue for forgiveness at his father's feet.

The King dealt leniently with his rebellious chil- dren, but this first outbreak was only the harbinger of an almost uninterrupted series of disloyal in- trigues, fomented by Louis VII and by his son and successor, Philip Augustus, in which Richard, who liv(Hl almost entirely in Guicnne and Poitou, was en- gag(>d down to the time of his father's death. He acquired for himself a great and deserved reputation for knightly prowess, and he was often concerned in chivalrous exploits, showing much energy in par- ticular in protecting the pilgrims who passed through his own and adjacent territories on their way to the shrine of St. James of Compostella. His elder brother Henry grew jealous of him and insisted that Richard should do him homage. On the latter's resistance war broke out between the brothers. Bertrand de Born, Count of Hautefort, who was Richard's rival in minstreLsy as well as in feats of arms, lent such powerful support to the younger Henry, that the old King had to intervene on Richard's side. The death of the younger Henry, 11 June, 1183, once more restored peace and made Richard heir to the throne. But other quarrels followed between Richard and his father, and it was in the heat of the most desperate of these, in which the astuteness of Philip Augustus had contrived to implicate Henry's favourite son John, that the old King died broken-hearted, 6 July, 1189. Despite the constant hostilities of the last few years, Richard secured the succession without difficulty. He came quickly to England and was crowned at Westminster on 3 Sept. But his object in visiting his native land was less to provide for the government of the kingdom than to collect resources for the projected Crusade which now appealed to the strongest, if not the best, instincts of his adventurous nature, and by the success of which he hoped to startle the world. Already, towards the end of 1187, when the news had reached him of Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem, Richard had taken the cross. Philip Augustus and Henry II had subsequently followed his example, but the quarrels which had supervened