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SCHOOLS

the only facts we know concerning him, and all other information about him is derived from dates on his drawings or engravings. His masterpiece is known as the "Virgin in the Garden of Roses", and is in the Church of St. Martin at Colmar. He has been described as a pupil of Rogier van der Weyden, on the authority of a letter ^^Titten to Vasari, but al- though Rogier van der Wej'den's in- fluence is to be rec- ognized in Schon- gauer's work, it seems very doubt- ful whether he ever entered that paint- er's studio. Seve- ral of his paintings are dated, but with the exception of the one in Colmar, we have no abso- lute evidence that any one of them Martin Schongauer is his work, and

Hans Burgkmair, The Pinakothek, no documents

Munich have yet been dis-

covered enabling us to verify his paintings. We are very much in the same position with regard to his engravings. They bear the signature of his initials, but there is nothing in the statements of his contemporaries to say with absolute certainty that the engravings signed M. S. are his work. There is, however, very little doubt in the matter, and they are always ac- cepted as being his work. He is not to be regarded as a great artist or a perfect draughtsman, but in the actual technic of line engraving he is unsurpassed in his period, and is practically the equal of Diirer. About a hundred plates attributed to him are in existence, and there is an almost perfect collection of his prints in Berlin, a collection almost equal to it existing in London.

The standard work upon him is Waltz, Bibliographie des Ouvrages et Articles concernant Martin Schdngauer (Colmar, 1903); Hensler in Neumann's Archives (1867), 129.

George Charles Williamson.

Schoningh. — The publishing house of Ferdinand Schoningh at Paderborn was founded by Ferdinand Friedrich Joseph Schoningh, who was born at Meppen in Hanover 16 March, 181.5, and died at Paderborn, 18 Aug., 1883. He was the son of Dr. Schoningh, an official of the law courts. Educated at the gymnasium of his native town, he was active in the book trade since 1831. He served an apprenticeship in Miinster and Svest, and on 12 May, 1847, he opened under great difficulties a book and art store at Paderborn that soon developed into a prosperous business. Schoningh never lost sight of a higher aim, the estab- lishment of a publishing house; selling his store in 187.5 and perceiving the need of Catholic new.spapers and periodical literature, he founded in 1848 the weekly " Westfalisches Kirchenblatt", and in 1849 the "Westfalische Volksblatt", which was intended to instruct the people in the political and social ques- tions of the day and to give them the Christian view on these subjects. On 1 April, 1910, a publishing house was formed, the initial publication of which was the first year-bwjk of the Diocf^se of Paderborn (1849). Schoningh's ability and power for hard work gradually built up his busmejis, especially as regards the pubhcation of scientific works. The reputation of the publishing house was established and main- tained in the literary and learned world by the publica- tion of such works as the textbooks and exerciBe-books

of Ferdinand Schultz, which passed through many editions and were translated into numerous languages; the "Bibliothek der iiltesten deutschen Literatur- Denkmaler" (Heliand, Beowulf, etc.), edited by Mo- ritz Heyne, a university professor; and excellent theological works, as that on dogmatics by Oswald, the explanation of the Catechism by Deharbe, etc. The house remained loyal to these three branches of learning and constantly increased its publications in these directions. Among the periodicals published under its supervision are: " Chrysologus " (from 1860); "Blatter fiir kirchliche Wissenschaft und Praxis" (from 1867); "Gymnasium" (from 1883). Schoningh also did much to encourage Catholic poetry; among the poets whose works he issued were those of Brill, Luise Hensel, and especially of F. W. Weber. Weber's poems published by Schoningh include: "Dreizehn- linden", "Goliath", "Gedichte". Schoningh died suddenly from apoplexy. His stanch Catholic opin- ions, sincere and honest character, and joy in what he produced cannot be forgotten in the Catholic intel- lectual life of Germany.

Up to the time of the death of the founder, the house had published 673 works in 935 volumes, em- bracing the most varied branches of knowledge and literature. The business has been carried on in the same spirit by Schoningh's sons, Ferdinand (b. 7 March, 1856), who since 1885 has had charge of the publishing department, and Joseph (b. 12 June, 1860), who since 1891 has been the business manager. In the course of time four branches were established, namely: in 1885 the Nas.se publishing house at Miinster; in 1887 one at Osnabriick, combined with a store for learned antiquarian works; in 1891 one at Mainz; and in 1902 one at Wiirzburg. The house has ever since its establishment given special atten- tion to works in the three main divisions of learning. In the departments of scientific and practical theology and philosophy the house publishes the following periodicals: "Theologie und Glaube"; "Jahrbuch fur Philosophic und spekulative Theologie"; "For- schungen zur christ lichen Literatur und Dogmen- geschichte"; "Chrysologus". For the entire field of scientific and practical pedagogics the house issued the following periodicals: " Monatschrift fur katho- lische Lehrerinnen" and "Zeitschrift fiir christliche Erziehungswissenschaft"; it also gives attention to linguistics and to Hterature, and issued numerous works in all the other departments of learning. Among the more extensive compilations published by the firm should be mentioned the " Wissenschaft- Hche Handbibliothek"; 41 volumes of this work have already been issued, and of these 34 are theolog- ical and philosophical works written by distinguished German scholars, as B. Funk (Church historjO. Gopfert (moral theology), Heiner (canon law), Pohle (dogmatics), Pruner (pastoral theology), etc. Other publications are those of the Gorres Society: "Stu- dien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Altertums", "Quellen und For-schungen zur Geschichte der papst- lichen Hnf- und Finanzverwaltung", "Publikationen der Sektion fiir Rechts- und Soziahvisseiiscliaft". Still other works are: "Sammlung der hcdeutendsten padagogischen Schriften aus alter und neuer Zeit", "Sammlung der kommentierten und der Textaus- gaben deutscher und ausliindischer Klassiker fiir den Schulgebrauch". Hermann MOller.

Schools, I. — The Christian Church, by virtue of her Divine charter, "Going, teach ye all nations", is essentially a teaching Organization. Teaching is included in her task of saving souls. Primarily she was instituted to dispense the means of salvation, and to teach the truths which are necessary to salva- tion. These truths are spiritual and moral, and her catechumenal schools (see Catechumen) were insti- tuted for the purpose e>f teaching them. Truths which