Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 13.djvu/604

 SCHLESWIG

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SCHLESWIG

him. in its variety, is typical of the Romanticists. Destined at first for commercial life, he turned to higher studies in his sixteenth year, proceeded after a rapid preparation to the University of Gottingen, and there studied first jurisprudence and then philology. At Leipzig he devoted himself to the study of art and the history of ancient literature. After a short residence in Dresden, where he visited the art collections, he settled with his brother in Jena, but later moved to Berlin, where he formed a friendship with his later wife, Dorothea Veit {nee Mendelssohn), according to the principles which he had laid down in his notorious "Luzinde" (Ber- lin, 1799). In ISOO he returned to Jena to qual- ify as tutor, but in 1802 proceeded to Dresden and thence to Paris, where he deliv- ered lectures on ])hilosoi)hy and edited the journal "Emopa". In 1S04 he married Dorothea, who had separated from her husband RiEDHKH vox .scHLEGEL aud euibraccd

Protestantism; both became Catholics in 1808 at Cologne, and henceforth begins for the restless and poverty- -stricken Schlegel a period of peace. Rec- ommended from Cologne, he secured a position as secretary in the court and state chancellery at Vienna, and in 1809 accompanied Archduke Charles to war, issuing fiery proclamations against Napoleon and editing the army newspaper. In 1811 while at Vienna he began his lectures — on modern history. He was full of bitterness against Napoleon and enthusiastically in favour of the medieval imperial idea. In the following year he delivered his famous lectures on the history of ancient and modern litera- ture.

From 1815 to 1818 Schlegel resided at Frankfort as coun.sellor of the Austrian legation to the federal diet. He then accompanied Alettcrnich to Italy, visiting Rome at the request of his wife. On his return to Vienna, he edited the journal "Concordia" (1820-3), wherein he championed the idea of a Christian state. After preparing the edition of all his works (10 vols., 1822-5), he again delivered lec- tures on the philosophy of life and the philo.sophy of history, continuing at Dresden in 1828 on the phil- o.sophy of speech and words. Here a stroke of apoplexy brought him to an earlj^ death. Schlegel essayed all three branches of poetry, but without much success. In 180.5-6 he published a " Poetisches Tagebuch", which in addition to small lyrical pieces contains the epic "Roland". Three years later ap- peared hLs "Ciedichte" (Berlin, 1809), which are models of metrical art and noble language, but sacrifice freshness to artificiality. The romance "Luzinde" he later condemned. His tragedy ".Markos" nos.sesse8 no enduring worth, although ('ic\\\{'. haA it produced at Weimar. Schlcger.s importance lies in his numerous literary-critical writings, and in his successful efTorts to unite simi- larly minded friends (Tieck, Novalis, Schleiermacher) into an a,s.sociation, the "School of Romanticism" (1798). To establish and spread the principles of the new school, Schlegel founded with his brother August Wilhc'lm the journal "Atheniuim" (1798); this w.'iK given tip after two years, but. not un- til it had attained its object. It proclaimed the

programme for the many-sided strivings of Roman- ticism.

Of the works of Schlegel two still maintain their high importance: "Ueber die Sprache imd Weisheit der Inder" (Heidelberg, 1808; tr. into French, Paris, 1837), and "Die Geschichte der alten und neuen Literatur" (Vienna, 1815, tr. into French, Paris, 1829). While these two works may be surpassed in many particulars, they yet contain in embryo the modern achievements in both domains. P. Baum- gartner, the latest author of a universal literature, thus regarded Friedrich von Schlegel as his guide and master, to whom he believed he owed his chief in- spiration. The following works have been trans- lated into English; "Philosophy of History" (Lon- don, 1869); " Lectures on Modern History" (London, 1849); "Esthetic and Miscellaneous Works" (Lon- don, 1875).

Haym, Die romantische Schule (2nd ed., Berlin, 1906) ; Godeke, Gruiidriss, VI, 17-27, contains the literature until 1898; Minor, Prosaische Jugendschriften Schlegels (2nd ed., 1906); Alt, Schiller u. die Gebrilder Schlegel (1894); Glawe, Friedrich von Schlegels Religion (1906); Salzbr, Illustrierte Gesch. der deutschen Lit., part XXXVI. pp. 1435-40.

N. SCHEID.

Schleswig, formerly a duchy and diocese of north- western Germany, now a part of the Prussian Prov- ince of Schleswig-Holstein. In the early Middle Ages the southern part of the peninsula of Jutland wslb a bone of contention between the Germans and the Danes. When in the fifth century the greater part of the Germanic population had left the region in order to seek a new home in Britain, the Danes or Jutes pushed their way into the country and the part of the Germanic population that had remained behind amal- gamated with the new masters. The Frisians were the only ones to retain their national peculiarities after lo.sing their national independence. About the begin- ning of the ninth century Charlemagne conquered the southernmost part of the peninsula; he formed the territory on the Eider into a Mark as a protection against the Slavs. As early as his reign Christian missions began to gain a foothold in the region. The first preacher of the Christian faith was the priest Atrebanus, who was a pupil of Willehad, the first Bishop of Bremen. Atrebanus founded a mission sta- tion among the heathen Dithmarschians, but suffered the death of a martyr during the Saxon revolt in 780. During the reign of Louis the Pious, Archbishop Ebo of Reims, the emperor's confidential friend, re-estab- lished the mission, but without great success. About 850 Ebo's companion, Ansgar the Apostle of the North, erected the first church in the little town of Schleswig; this was soon followed in 860 by the building of the church at Ripen. These successes of the mission of the Carlovingian period were destroyed during the heathen reaction that followed. Under the vigorous administration of the German king, Henry I, the Mark on the Eider was re-established in 934, and soon after this Unni, Archbishop of Ham- burg, once more took in hand the bringing of the north to Christianity. Christian commvmities intTcased, es- pecially after the Danish King Harold Blue Tooth (d. 986) had accepted Christianity, and the three di- oceses of Schleswig, Ripen, and Aarli.-uis were founded at the request of Arclibishop Adaldag of Bremen. These dioces(>s wen^ made suffragans of Bremen. The first Bishop of Schleswig was Ilored, who was present in 948 at tlu; (liTiiian synod of Ingelheim. Tli(> Dio- cese of Schleswig, though, did not inchule the whole of the later Duchy of Sclil(>swig, as the north-western

Eart belonged to the Diocese of Ripen, and the Is- mds of Alsen, Aro, and Fehmarn to the Diocese of Fiinen.

During the reign of King Harold Blue Tooth, Chris- tianity became the dominating religion of Denmark and Schleswig. Pag.'uiism, however, regained the Buprcmacy when Harold's son Sven with the Forked