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 SCHEDEL

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SCHEFFMACHER

the most prominent representatives of Thomism. He was the author of the following works: " Die Lehre von der Wirksamkeit der Sakramente ex opere operato in ihrer Entwicklung innerhalb der Scholastik und ihrer Bedeutung fiir die christliche Heilslehre dargestellt" (Munich, 1860); "Natur und Uebernatur. Das Dogma von der Gnade und die theologische Frage der Gegenwart. Eine Ivritik der Kuhn'schen Theologie" (Mainz, 1865); "Neue Untersuchungen liber das Dogma von der Gnade und das Wesen des christ- lichen Glaubens" (Mainz, 1867) (these last two works belong to the controversy that Schazler carried on with Johannes von Kuhn, q. v.); "Das Dogma von der Menschenwerdung Gottes, im Geiste hes hi Thomas dargestellt" (Freiburg, 1870); "Die papst- liche Unfehlbarkeit aus dem Wesen der Kirche be- wiesen. Eine Erklanmg der ersten dogmatischen Constitution des vaticanischen Conncils iiber die Kirche Christi" (Freiburg, 1870); " Divus Thomas Doctor angel icus contra Liberalismum invictus veri- tatis catholicse assertor" (Rome, 1874); "Introduc- tio in s. theologiam dogmaticam ad mentem D. Thomse Aquinatis", a posthumous work ed. by Thomas Esser (Ratisbon, 1882); "Die Bedeutung der Dogmengeschichte vom katholischen Stand- punkt aus erortert", ed. Thomas Esser (Ratisbon, 1884).

Bruck, Geschichte der kathol. Kirche in Deutschland im XIX. Jahrhundert, III (Mainz, 1896), 329-31; Hurter, Nomenclator, III (1895), 1226 sq.; Allgemeine deulscheBiographie. XXX, 649-51.

Friedrich Lauchert.

Schedel, Hartmann, German Humanist and his- torian, b. at Nuremberg, 13 February, 1440; d. there on 28 November, 1.514. He matriculated at Leipzig in 1456, received the degree of baccalaureus in 1457, and of magister in 1460. He then chose jurisprudence as his professional study, but at the same time zeal- ously pursued humanistic learning under Pieter Luder, whom he followed to Padua in 1463. He there took up the study of medicine in which he obtained a doctorate in 1466. In 1472 he became a phy.sician at Nordlingen; in 1477, at Amberg; in 1481, at Nurem- berg where he lived until his death. He was closely connected with scholars and artists and his large and varied learning exerted a stimulating influence upon other students. His chief work is a chronicle of the world, "Liber chronicaruni", which contributed much to the spread of historical knowledge. It was first published in 1493 at Nuremberg, a German transla- tion by Georg Alt a])i)earing in the same year. The division of the work into six ages and the point of view are entirely medieval. The work is a compila- tion following earlier clironicles clo.sely and generally, even verbally; it depends particularly on the "Sup- plementum chronicarum" i.ssucd at Venice in 1483 by Brother .Jacobus Philippus Foresta of Bergamo. The thoughtful, conservative, and rigidly orthodox Sche- del does not often express his own opinion. The book owes its popularity in part to the great number of fine wood-cuts executed by the two artists, Michael Wolge- muth and William Pleydenwurff. Schedel's activity in tracing out, collecting, and copying MSS. pro- duced results of much value even to-day. Many an important monument has been preserved only in his copy. Special mention should be made of his collec- tion of inscriptions, the "Liber antiquitatum", com- pleted in 1504. His large and valuable library containing over three hundred MSS. and several hun- dred printed books came into the possession of John Jacob Fugger in 1552, and was afterwards obtained by Duke Albert V of Bavaria (1550-1579) for the ducal, now royal, library at Munich, where it now is.

Will, Nurnbergisches Gelehrtenlexikon, III (Nuremberg, 1757), 499-501; Potthast, Bihl. hist. ined. wvi, II (2nd ed., Berlin, 1896), 1001; Haitz, Schedels Weltchronik (dissertation, Munich, 1899); Sprengler, Schedels Weltchronik (dissertation, Munich, 1905) ; Stauber, Die Schedelsche Bibliothek (Munich, 1908).

Klemens Loffler.

Scheeben, Matthias Joseph, theological writer of acknowledged merit, b. at Meckenheim near Bonn, 1 March, 1835; d. at Cologne, 21 July, 1888. He studied at the Gregorian University at Rome under Passaglia and Perrone (1852-59), was ordained on 18 Dec, 1858, and taught dogmatic theology at the episcopal seminary of Cologne (1860-1875). Schee- ben was a mystic. His mind revelled in speculating on Divine grace, the hypostatic union, the beatific vision, the all-prevading presence of God; he had a firm belief in visions granted to himself and others, and his piety was all-absorbing. Very few minds were attuned to his; his pupils were overawed by the steady flow of his long abstruse sentences which brought scanty light to their intellects; his colleagues and his friends but rarely disturbed the peace of the workroom where his spirit brooded over a chaos of literary matters. The list of Scheeben's works opens with three treatises dealing with grace: (1) "Natur und gnade" (Mainz, 1861); (2) a new edition of "Quid est homo", a book by Ant. Casini, S.J. (d. 1755) ; (3) " Die Herrlichkeiten der gottlichen gnade" (Freiburg, 1863; eighth ed. by A. M. Weiss, 1908, also translated into English) ; (4) "Mysterien des Chris- tenthums" (Freiburg, 186.5-97); (5-9) five pamphlets in defence of the Vatican Council, directed against Dollinger, Schulte, and other Old Catholics, all of sterling value; (10) "Handbuchder katholischen Dog- matik" (seven parts, Freiburg, 1873-87). The author did not finish this classic work of permanent value; he died whilst working on "Grace". The failing treatises were supplied in German by Dr. Atzberger (Freiburg, 1898), in English, by Wilhelm and Scannell, who, whilst strictly adhering to Scheeben's thought, reduced the bulky work to two h:mdy volumes en- titled: "A Manual of Catholic Theology based on Scheeben's Dogmatik" (3rd ed., 1906). He founded and edited (1867-88) the Cologne " Pastoralblatt", and edited for thirteen years "Das okumenische Con- oil vom Jahre 1869", later (after 1872) entitled, "Periodische Blatter zur wissenschaftlichen Bespre- chung der grossen religiosen Fragen der Gegenwart".

Katholik, II (1888), 120-32; Hertkens, Prof. Dr. M. J. Scheeben, Leben u. Wirken eines kath. Gelehrten im Dienste d. Kirche (Paderborn, 1892); Hurter, Nomenclator, III.

Joseph Wilhelm.

Scheffler, Johannes. See A ngelus Silesius.

SchefiEmacher, John James, Jesuit theologian, b. at Kientzheim, Alsace, 27 April, 1668; d. at Strasburg, 18 August, 1733. He was one of the great- est theologians of his time, an orator of i)ower and in- fluence and the author of valuable works on con- troversy. By his preaching and writing, he laboured for many years for the conversion of the Lutherans and brought a great number of them back to the Church. In 1715 while teaching theology in the Catholic University of Strasburg, he was api)ointed to the chair of Apologetics, founded in the cathedral of that city by Louis XIV; he was rector of the uni- versity (1728-31). His best-known writings are in the form of letters, setting forth with clear, solid arguments those points of Catholic doctrine which long experience had taught him presented the great- est difficulties to Protestants. These letters have been collected in two separate volumes and published under the titles: "Lettres d'un Docteur Allemand", 14th ed. (Strasburg, 1789); "Lettres d'un Theolo- gien", 13th ed. (Strasburg, 1750). Another well- known work of the author is "Controverskatechis- mus" (Cologne, 1723) which was later published under the title, "Licht in den Finsternissen". The oldest known French edition of this work entitled "Cat6- chisme de Controverse" is dated Strasburg, 1751, though it is not certain whether the book was orig- inally published in French or in German. There is an English translation entitled, "A Controversial