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 SCHAZLER

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SCHAZLER

1640, the male line became extinct by the death of Count Otto V. At the di^•ision of the inheritance the County of Schaumburg went to the mother of Otto V, Elizabeth, Countess of Lipi^e. Elizabetli gave it to her brother Count Phihi) of Lippe, the younger brother of Count Simon MI. ruier of the County of Lippe. The Margrave of Hesse-Ca^sel and the Duke of Brunsw-ick-Luneburg also laid claim to parts of the old County of Schaumburg. and an adjustment was made which was confirmed in the Treaty of West- phalia. On account of this agreement the county was divided, one part going to Hes.se-Cassel, another to Brunswick, while what was left, including the Barony of Biickeburg, came to Count Phihp who now called himself Count of Lippe-Biickeburg. The first one of his descendants to call himself Count of Schaumburg-Lippe was Count Philip Ernest (d. 17S7). Thus the territory of the present principahty of Schaumburg-Lippe has never had any constitu- tional connexion with the present principahty of Lippe. The two countries have not arisen by partition of another principahty.

The districts of the old County of Schaumburg that fell to Hesse-Cassel, among which were the castle and the district of Schaumburg, became Prus- sian territory' when the Electorate of Hcsse-Cassel was suppressed (1866), and since then these districts, under the name of the government district of Rinteln, have formed an exclave of the Prussian pro\nnce of Hesse-Xassau. Since 1905 Rinteln has been called the Prussian Countj^ of Schaumburg. George Wil- liam of Schaumburg-Lippe (d. 1860) joined the Con- fecleration of the Rhine in 1806, and received the here(htani' title of prince. After the dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine he joined the German Confederation (1815). At the outbreak of the Prus- so-Austrian War (1866) Prince Adolph George (d. 189:i) at first agreed to the demand of Austria for the mobilizing of the forces of the Confederation against Prussia, but after the Prussian victories he withdrew from the German Confederation and joined Prussia and the North German Confederation. In 1871 the little country became a state of the German Empire. Prince Adolph (b. 1883) succeeded as ruler in 1911, in which year he was still unmarried. At the time of the great rehgious revolt of the .sixteenth century the territory of the old County of Schaumburg belonged, in ecclesiastical matters, to the Diocese of Minden (founded by Charlemagne about 800) . The Reforma- tion was introduced into the countn,' between 1560 and 1570, after the death of Adolph III, Archbishop of Cologne (d. 1556) and of his brother Anthony (d. 1558j, both of whom belonged to the Schaumburg dynasty. The reigning Count Otto IV, brother of these two, was won o\er to the new doctrine after his marriage with Elizabeth Ursula, daughter of Duke Ernst of Brunswick-Luneburg (called the ''Confes- Bf)r" on account of his zealous adherence to and cham- pionship of Protestantism).

The childless Count Ernst (d. 1622) was succeeded by a Catholic Count, Jobst Hermann, who also died without children (1636). Jobst, indeed, attempted to bring un his probable successor, the later Count Otto V, in the Catholic Faith, but Otto's mother, Elizabeth, had him educated in the Reformed doctrines. Upon the death of Otto V the male heirs of the Scliaumy)urg line were extinct. What remained of the couni ry after the partition, the present principiility of Schaumburg- Lipfx;, came under the. House of Lippe, which had also a'iopted the Reformed teachings, so that since this era the ruler of the country and his family have been Protestants, and the national (Church is the Lutheran. However, the ruler of the country has by law supreme ecclesiastical power over the State Church. Parishes of the l{eforni<'(l Church were formed only in the capi- tal, Biickeburg, and Stadthagen. Catholic services were re-establishwi at Biickeburg about 1720 for a Catholic countess and her servants. Originally the

Catholic pastoral care was exercised from Minden by Franciscans of Bielefeld; between 1840 and 1850 the mission parish of Biickeburg was created, to which was added in 1S83 the missicjn parish of Stadthagen. In consequence of the country's entrance into the Con- federation of the Rhine the few Catholics received equal civil rights with the Protestants. By a re- script of 3 July, 1809, the Sovereign settled the rela- tions of the principality to the Catholics, and granted Catholics permi-ssion to hold public church services. Since 1846 episcopal jurisdiction has been exercised by the Bishop of Osnabriick in his capacity as Pro- vicar of the Northern Mission.

The political status of the Catholic Church was re- vised by the State law of 18 March, 1911. The Catho- lic parishes are corporations established by law and are compcsed of the aggregate of all the Catholics re- siding in the district. Their boundaries are fixed by the bishop with the approval of the ministiy after the opinions of the interested parties have been consulted. The ministry exercises the State's right of supreme supervision. The pastor is named by the bishop, who must, however, before making the appointment, ascertain that the ministry has no objection to this cleric. If within thirty days no objection be raised against the candidate the acquiescence of the ministry is assumed. Everj^ parish is bound to establish and maintain properly the buildings necessary for worship, etc. To meet these obligations everj^ self-supporting member of the parish who has resided there at least three months is bound to pay the church tax. The State gives nothing for Catholic Church purposes. The necessary expenses are met bj' the bishop. Orders and congregations are not allowed in the country. The primary schools are all Lutheran. Religious instruc- tion is not given to the Catholic minority in the public primary schools, although this is legally per- missible. There are private Catholic primary schools at Biickeburg and Stadthagen; these do not, however, receive any aid from the State or commune. The Catholic school at Biickeburg, founded 1848, num- bers (1911) 20 pupils; the one in Stadthagen, founded 1877, numbers (1911) 27 pupils.

PiDERiT, Gesch. der Grafschaft Schaumburg (Rinteln, 1831); Heidekamper, Die Schaumburg-Lippische Kirche (Biickeburg, 1900), Protestant; Idem, Schaumburg-Lippische Kirchengesch. vom dreissig-jahrigen Krieg bis zur Gegenwart (Biickeburg, 1908), Protestant; Damann, Gcschichtliche Darstellung der Einfiihrung der Reformation in Schaumburg-Lippe (Biickeburg, 18.")2); Freisen, Der kath. u. proteslant. P/arrzwang (Paderborn, 1906), 174 sqq.

Hermann Sacher.

Schazler, Constantine, Baron von, theolo- gian, b. at Ratisbon, 7 May, 1827; d. at Interlaken, 19 September, 1880. By birth and training a Prot- estant, he was a pupil at the Protestant gymnasium St. Anna of Ratis})on; took the philo.sophical course at the University of Erlangen in 1844-45; then studied law at Munich, 1845-47, and at Heidelberg, 1847-48. After this he decided to enter military life and became a Bavarian officer; in 1850, however, he left the army, received the; degree of Doctor of Laws at Erlangen, and took up the practice of law. He entered the Catholic Church at Brussels on 10 Octo- ber, 18.50, and began the study of theology. At Lou- vain in 1851 he entered the Society of Jesus; after completing the studies he was ordained priest at Liege on 1 1 .Sej)tcml)er, 1856; in 1857 he left the Society and went on with his studi(!S at Munich where in 1859 he look the degree of Doctor of Theology. In 1861 he became a tutor in the seminary at Osnabriick; in 1862 prii'fildoznit in the liistory of dogma at Freiburg; in 18t) arcliiei)iscoi)al councillor. During the \'atican Council (1869-70) he was at Rome as theologian to Bishop Fessler; in 1873 he settled at Rome; in 1874 he was made a domestic prelate and was employed as consultor to various congregations. Shortly be- fore his death he re-entered the Society of .Jesus. Schiizler's acuteness and learning made him one of