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 SCHANNAT

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SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE

not have been concealed ; Yang-koang-sien and other enemies would have exploited it. In particular Navarrete, author of the "Tratados hist6ricos", in which are collected so many more or less false stories concerning the Jesuit missionaries (including Father Schall), could not have failed to learn of this during his stay at Peking in 1665 and to recount it at length. At any rate such complete disregard of the duties of a priest would not have escaped his fellow-religious (of whom there were always some at Peking), and they would not have continued to honour him, as they did, to the end as one of their most venerable brethren. These reasons and others which could be adduced are so clear that there is not the slightest doubt concerning the falseness of Angelita's story. It may be asked, however, how the latter, whose calling should have prevented him from being a calumniator of the lowest class, could invent and pub- lish such a villainous tale. The fact is that Schall's life might have furnished a foundation on which Angelita's imagination, inflamed against the Jesuits, worked and finally reared this story, but it furnished not a shadow of proof. Several contemporaries of Father Schall, Jesuits and others, including Chinese, mention the name of a Chinese Christian, a servant of Father Schall's, who seems to have made use of the priest's goodness for the benefit of his own ambition. Puontsin-hia (thus was he called) obtained for himself a mandarinship of the fifth rank; for his son John he secured even more, for Father Schall regularly adopted him as his grandson, and the Emperor Shun-chi granted many weighty favours to this "adopted grandson" of the missionary whom he loved. Father Clabiani in a relation (written between 1666 and 1667, and published in 1671) states that the "arrogance" of this upstart "slave" prejudiced many pensons of rank against his master. Father Schall liimself, when at the point of death (21 July, 166.5), made a public confession to his brethren of his "excessive indul- gence towards this servant, of the scandal he had caused in adopting as his grandson the son of Puon," finally of irregular gifts made to both, contrary to his vow of poverty. The avowal of these human weaknesses, doubtless exaggerated by the humility of the dying missionary, does not lessen our esteem for him. Hence the conclusion may be drawn that the source of Angelita's story was probably this fact of the adop- tion of the son of Puon by Father Schall. But this fact, doubtless learned by Tournon's secretary during his stay in China, forty years after the death of Father Schall, luul {)erhaps been distorted when it reached him, or rather his prejudice against the Jesuits caused him to regard it as something (]uite different from what it implied and to add to it false and cal- umniating circumstances. Finally it .should be added that he wrote his relation many years after his return from China, when his mind was perhaps enfeebled by age and under the influence of a more passionately prejudiced man than himself, the ex-Capuchin Norbert.

Db Backek-Sommervooel, Bibl. des ecrivains de la C. de J., VII, 705-09; Cordier, BM. Sinica, II, 1093; Hist, relalio de orlu et progressu fidei orthodox, in regno Chinensi per missionarios Societatis Jesu ab anno 1581 usque ad annum 1669, novissime collecta ex Uteris eorumdem Patrum Soc. Jesu, prcBcipue R. P. Joannis Adami Schall Coloriensis (Ratisbon, 1672) ; Gabiani, Incrementa Sinicce Ecclesice a Tartaris oppugnatce (Vienna, 1673) ; KiRCHER, China illustrata (Amsterdam, 1667), 104-15; Bartoli, DeW historia della C. di Giesu. La Cina, III-IV (Rome, 1603), 542, 908, 953, 972, 1094; [Schall], Reposia as duvidas que a calendarionovo Sinico causou nalgus Padres, Christaos. . . commua aos Padres da missao de Pequin, 16 decemb., 1648 (MS. of the Bibl. Nationale, Paris, Fr. 9773) ; Schall, Rationes quibus adductus mathematici tribunalis curam egit Jo. Adamus, Pechini, 10 novemb., 1663 (MS. Bibl. Nat. Paris, Span., 409, f. 60); Relatio, ex Epistola. . quam P. Fr. Victorius Ricci, Vicarius Provincialis Sinarum [Fr. Prcedic.],. . . transmisit; Binondoc, 15 Mail, 1666, ed. von Murr in Journal zur Kunstgeschichte, VII (Nuremberg, 1779), 252; Monumenta Sinica cum disquisitionibus criticis pro vera apologia Jesuitarum (s. 1., 1700), 221; Duhr, Jesuiten-Fabeln (3rd ed., Freiburg, 1899), 226-30; Idem in Zeitschr. fiir kathol. Theologie (Innsbruck, 1901), 332; Brucker in Etudes (5 .luly, Paris, 1901), 88; Huonder, Deutsch. Jesui- tenmissionndre (Freiburg, 1899), 192; private documents, etc.

Joseph Brucker.

Schannat, Johann Fkiedkich, German historian, b. at Luxemburg, 23 July, 1683; d. at Heidleberg, 6 March, 1739. He studied at the University of Lou- vain and when twenty-two years of age was a lawyer, but before long he turned his attention exclusively to history and became a priest. The Prince- Abbot of Fulda commissioned Schannat to write the history of the abbey and appointed him historiographer and li- brarian. At a later date he received similar commis- sions from Franz Georg von Schcmborn, Archbishop of Trier and Bishop of Worms. In 1735 the Arch- bishop of Prague, Count Moriz von Manderscheid, sent Schannat to Italy to collect material for a his- tory of the councils. He made researches with es- pecial success in the Ambrosian Library at Milan and the Vatican Library at Rome. His chief works are: "Vmdemiffi literaris" (1723-24); "Corpus tradi- tionum Fuldensium" (1724); "Fuldischer Lehnhof" (1726); "Dioecesis Fuldensis" (1727); "Historia Ful- densis" (1729); "Historia episcopatus Wormatien- sis" (1734); "Histoire abreg^e de la maison Palatine" (1740). More important than all these, however, is the "Concilia Germaniaj", edited from material left by Schannat and continued bv the Jesuit Joseph Hartzheim (11 fol. vols., 1759-90). At a later date the "Eiflia illustrata" (1825-55) was also published.

La Barre de Beaumarchais, Eloge historique de Vabbi Schannat in Schannat, Histoire abregee de la maison Palatine; Will m Hessenland, V (Cassel, 1891), 92-93, 102-105.

Klemens Loffler.

Schaufelin, Hans Leonhard (known also as Scheuffelin, Schauffelein, and Scheyffelin), a German wood engraver, pujjil of DUrer, b. at Nuremburg in 1490; d. there in 1540. His best work was executed as an engraver, but he was b(!sides an artist of some repute, and his pictures, to be studied in Nuremberg, Munich, Cas.sel, and Ulm, are worthy of attention and show clearly the Diirer influence and the Diirer sense of beauty. His drawing of drapery is particularly good. His etchings and engravings are marked with a curious rebus on his name, composed of his initials joined to a shovel. He was the aut hor of the illustra- tions to the "Theuerdank" of the Emperor Maximil- ian, and prepared two important engravings for Ul- rich Pindter's "Speculum Pa.ssionis." A series of his paintings in Mimich represent scenes in connexion with Christ and His Mother, and the only fresco which he is said to have produced is in Nordlingen, a city of which he was made a magistrate in 1515 and in which he attained considerable prominence.

G. C. Williamson.

Schaumburg-Lippe, a German principality, sur- rounded by the Prussian province of Westphalia, Hanover, and an exclave of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau (the Pru.ssian County of Schaum- burg). Schaumburg-Lippe has an area of about 131 square miles and (1910) 46,650 inhabitants. As regards population it is the smallest state of the German Confederation; in area it is larger than Reuss-Greitz, Lubeck, and Bremen. In 1905, of 44,992 inhabitants 43,888 were Lutherans, 653 Catholics, and 246 Jews. Thus the Catholics are 1-5 per cent of the population. The principality of Schaumburg-Lippe has sprung from the old County of Schaumburg, in early days also called Schauenburg, which was situated on the middle course of the River Weser, and was given as a fief by the German Emperor Conrad (1024-39) to Adolph of Santersleben. Adolph built the castle of Schaumburg on the Nettelberg, which is on the southern slope of the Weser Moun- tains, east of Rinteln. The descendants of Adolph of Schaumburg, among other possessions, acquired the County of Holstein and the Duchy of Schles- wig also.

In the year 1619 the Schaumburg family were made counts of the empire; however, soon after this, in