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 SCHAEPMAN

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SCHAFTLARN

Virgins". Other good pictures are "Christ on the Mount of Olives", "Christ with the Disciples at Em- maus", the "Pieta", the "Queen of Heaven", the "Blessed Virgin as Intercessor". Among his best creations also are: the " P'our Evangelists", and " Para- dise", "Purgatory", and "Hell". During his life- time his portraits, for example those of brother artists, were greatly admired. It should, however, be re- marked that Schadow, notwithstanding his study from nature, never fully overcame the weakness of the Romantic school, and although he was three times in Italy, where he studied the masters, he exhibited less original force than a graceful talent. Regularity and logic are natural to him rather than depth of content in the drawing and colour. Immermann, at a later date, when he had abandoned Romanticism, judged harshly the characteristics impressed by Schadow upon the Diisseldorf school. These criticisms, how- ever, generally overlook the fact that Schadow's re- ligious feeling, which remained as an inheritance to the Diisseldorf school, maintained the claims of art while meeting the justified demands of life and popular taste, and, finally, that the self-contained emphasis placed upon realism deserved the undoubted success it obtained. It was natural that in the course of time other elements also made themselves felt in the school, but these were only in part the signs of an advance. Schadow was also an author, although not one of pre- eminent importance. He laid down his opinions con- cerning training in art in several treatises and in a novel called "Der moderne Vasari" (Berlin, 1854). He resigned his position as director of the academy after thirty-three years' service. His pupils were dis- tinguished by the honourable positions they received. His portrait by Bendemann is in the Diisseldorf Academy.

HuBNER, Schadow und seine Schuler (Bonn, 1869); Raczynski, Histoire de iart moderne en Allemagne (Paris, 1836), Ger. tr. Haoer (Berlin, 1836); Wiegemann, Die kOnigliche Akademie in Diisseldorf und die Diisseldorfer Schvle (DQsseldorf, 1856).

G. GlETMANN.

Schaepman, Herman, J.A.M., orator, poet, and statesman, b. at Tubbergen, Holland, 2 March, 1844; d. at Rome, 21 Jan., 1903. He made his studies in the college of Oldenzaal and the seminaries of Kui- lenberg and Ryzenburg, was ordained priest at Utrecht in 1867, and obtained the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1869 at Rome. In 1870, he was professor of church history at the seminary of Ryzenburg. At the same time he became a collaborator on "De Tyd", and in 1871, in conjunction with Dr. W. J. F. Nuyens, he founded the periodical "De Wachter" (from 1874-83, "Onze Wachter"). Schaepman was a great poet. The appearance of his first poem, " De Pans" (pubhshed in 1866), was a literarj' event. Among his later poems those of especial note are : " De Pers, De eeuw en haar koning. Napoleon" (1873), and his master work "Aya Sofia" (1886). Schaepman ranks equally as prose-writer and poet. By turns lofty, incisive, sarcastic, vigorous, witty, his whole soul finds expression in his prose, the originality of its style being so striking that its authorship is recognized at first glance. His principal prose writings are col- lected in five volumes under the title "Menschen en Boeken" (Utrecht, 1893-1902).

Schaepman was no less distinguished as an orator. For many years he was considered the first orator of the nation. His con\'incing, powerful, and irresisti- ble manner was first displayed in his famous "Park speech", delivered in Amsterdam (1871), and was e\^nced in his speech at the Congress of Middelburgh (1872) and in those on Pius IX, Vondel, the Maid of Orleans, De Taal, Daniel O'Connell, Michel Angelo etc. His last oration, delivered in 1902, was in hon- our of Monseigneur Hamer. Schaepman's eloquence won him great honours in the political arena; he was the first priest to be elected to the States-Gen-

eral, and he ever fought valiantly for the emancipa- tion of the CathoUcs. In 1883 he formulated and pre- sented a programme of action, his motto being "Catholics constitute a political personality which demands liberty." Unfortunately the majority of Catholic politicians had as yet no notion of such a per- sonality, and Schaepmann was either ignored or op- po.sed. But even at that time he entertained the idea of an eventual coalition between Catholics and Prot- estants, and for that reason supported the project for the revision of the Constitution (1887). The revision of the school-law is mainly due to him. Schaepman developed more and more the quaUties of the true statesman. The democratic movement was a fact, the significance of which he fully realized, and, instead of vainly trying to stem it, he endeavoured to secure a hold on it. For this reason he acted independently in regard to the law concerning personal military service (1891-98), the Tak elections law (1894), and the compulsory education law (1900), his Catholic oppo- nents had, no doubt, good intentions, but they forgot that now they had influence and were able to obtain what was formerly beyond their reach. Unquestion- ably Schaepman, in the beginning of his political career, was adverse to paternalism in government and wished to limit its functions to what was absolutely necessary. Later, however, he followed more in the footsteps of von Ketteler. Instead of allowing inevi- table events to become detrimental to Catholics, he sought to shape them as far as possible, to Catholic advantage. One of Schaepman's greatest achieve- ments was the coalition which, in conjunction with Dr. Kuyper, he brought about between Catholics and anti-revolutionists, whereby the influence of the Catholics was greatly increased. Since that event, Holland has had three successive ministries animated by distinctively Christian principles. Schaepman's merits were recognized by Leo XIII, who bestowed upon him the rank of domestic prelate and prothono- tary Apostolic.

Consult biographies by Brom (Haarlem, 1903), Hexdrichs (Leyden, 1903), Bixnewiertz (Leydon, 1904); .see necrologies in De Tyd (.Jan. 22-23, 1903) and Dietsche Warande en Belfort (1909).

P. Albers.

Schaftlarn, formerly a Preraonstratensian, now a Benedictine, abbey, situated on the Isar not far from Munich in Upper Bavaria. It was founded in 762 by the priest Waltrich and dedicated to St. Dionysius. Waltrich was the first abbot; later (774-804) he was Bishop of Passau. In 955 the monaster}^ was de- stroyed by the Hungarians who were then making marauding incursions into Germany. In the eleventh century it was a house of secular canons, of whom there were then many in Bavaria. In 1140 it was re- founded by Bishop Otto of Frcising as a Premoustra- tensian monastery under a provost. Little is known of the inner life of the monastery. In 1527 it was destroyed by fire. In 1598 the provostry was raised to an abbey, which continued to e.xist until 1803, when it was secularized. The church was made a parish church, the monastic buildings were sold and fre- quently changed hands. In 1845 they were brought by the Congregation of the English Ladies who estab- lished here a boarding school for girls. In 1865 Schaftlarn was bought by King Louis I of Bavaria for 92,000 guldens and in 1866 it was given to the Bene- dictines. At first the monastery was a priory, but it was raised to an abbey, 3 May, 1910. It has now thir- teen fathers who conduct an educational institution for bojvs with a pro-gymnasium. The interior of the monaster}' church built 173.3-64, is one of the best productions of the Munich school of architecture of the eighteenth century; the exterior is unimportant. The buildings, erected during the period 1705-21, are simple.

Montimenta Scheftlariensia in Momenta Boiea, VIII (Munich, 1767), 357-76; Annalea el notce Scheftlariensea, ed. Japf* in Man.