Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 13.djvu/568

 SCALIGER

506

SCANDAL

(Rome. 1667): Sores:ni. De Scili Sancta ante Sancia Sanctorum in Laterano culta (Rome, 1072); Marangoni, Istoria delV antichissimo oratorio o cappeJla di S. Lorenzo nel Palriarchio Lateranense. . . (Rome, 1747); Bambi, Memorie sacre delta cappelia di Sancia Sanctorum e della Scala del Palazzo di Pi- lato delta rolgarmente la Scala Sancia (Rome, 1798); Maz- zrccONi, Memorie storiche delia Scala Santa e dell' insigne san- tuario di Sancta Sanctorum (Rome, 1S40); Rasponi, De Basilica et Palriarchio Lateranensi (Rome, 1656) 331-33:361-84; Quaren- siMUS, Historica. . . Terra Sancta: elucidatio, II (2nded., Venice, 1S81), 140-41: Adin-olfi, Roma nelVetd. di mezzo, I (Rome, 1881), 232 sqq.; Armeluni, Le Chiese di Roma, 2nd ed. (Rome, 1891), 108 sqq.; Berixger, Die Ablasse, 13th ed. (Paderborn, 1910), 435-36; Lauer, Le tresor du Sancta Sanciorutn (Paris, 1906); Grisar, II Saticta Sanctorum ed il suo tesoro sacro (Rome, 1907).

LivARius Oliger.

Scaliger (It., Della Scala), Julius C^sar, humanist, b. at Riva on Lake Garda in 1484; d. at Agen, France, 21 Oct., 1558. He was brought to France as physician to Antonio de la Rovera, Bishop of Agen, and became a French citizen under the name of Jules Cesar de I'Escale de Bordonis. He took part in the discussion c o n - cerning Cicero- ni anism and be- gan his career as a humanist by a violent work against Erasmus, "Oratio pro Ci- cerone contra Erasmum" (Paris, 1.531). He de- fended the abso- lute perfection of Cicero's style and denounced Eras- mus as a mere proof corrector, a parasite, and a parricide. Eras- mus kept silence. In 1536 ScaUger issued a still more \-iolent discourse. The two dis- courses were combined: "Adversus D. Erasmum ora- tiones duse eloquentiae romana; vindices cum auctoris opuscuhs" (Toulou.se, 1621). He ■wTote a more sohd work in a calmer tone in "De causis linguae latinae libri XIII" (Lyons, 1540; Geneva, 1.580), in which he analyzed the correct style of Cicero and indicated 634 mistakes of Valla and his predeces-sors. He was the first to attempt a systematic treatise on poetry: "Poetices libri octo" (Lyons, 1561; Leyden, 1581; Heidelberg, 1607). The general principles of this work are derived from Aristotle whom he calls " im- perator ncster; omnium bonarum artium dictator

Eerpetuus". Like Aristotle he makes imitation the asis of all poetry. He spoiled his work by exagger- ations; not only does he place Virgil above Homer but he places the Homeric epics below the "Hero and Ivcander" of Mu.sa;u8, a poet of the Byzantine period; it Ls true that Scahger identifies him with the legendary Musaus, a disciple of Orp)hcu8 (Poet., V, 2). He declared that Seneca was not surpassed in grandeur by any of the Greek tragedians. This last opinion was not without its con.sequences; it explains the exces.sive liking of Shakespeare, Cor- neille, and many of their contemporaries for the tragedies of Senwa.

Scaliger is also the author of the following works: "De comicis dimensionibus" (Lyons, 15.39); "Exo- tcricanim exercitationum de subtilitate ad H. Car- danum" (Pari.s, 1537; Ba.sle, 1.560); "Poemata" (Geneva, 1.574; Heidelberg, 1600); "Epi.stola; ct Orationfis" (lycyden, 16(K)). He translated into Latin Ari.st/jtle's "Natural Hi.story" (Toulouse, 1619;, the "Insomnia;" of Hippocrates, and wrote

commentaries on the treatises on plants of Theo- phrastes and Aristotle. As a physician he was much interested in botany; he demonstrated the necessity of abandoning the classification of plants based on their properties and of establisliing one based on their distinctive characteristics. He was violent, vain, and given to exaggeration. His faults spoiled pleasing natural gifts and wide learning.

NisARD, Lf.< gladiateurs de la republique des Icttres aux X V', XVI', et XVII<: siecles, I (Paris, I860), 305-400; Saintsbury, History of literary criticism, II (Edinburgh and London, 1902), 69; LiNTiLHAC, De J. C. Scaligeri Poetica (Paris, 1887); Sandys, A History of Classical Scholarship, II (Cambridge, 1908), 177.

Paul Lejay.

Scalimoli, theologian, better known by his reli- gious name, Andrea di Castellana, from his place of origin in Apulia. He entered the Order of the Con- ventual Franciscans in the Province of St. Nicholas (Bari), of which he was later appointed provincial. His experience as a missionary in Moldavia, Wal- lachia, and Transylvania, as Prefect Apostolic of Hun- gary, and as visitor general of the Franciscan missions in Russia led liim to the composition of a work which was approved by ihv general of the order in 1642, and is dedicated to Cardinal Barberini "Missionarius apostohcus a Sacra Congregatione de Propaganda Fide instructus quomodo debeat inter ha^reticos vi- vere, pravitates eorum convincere, et in fide catholica proficere per Germaniam, Poloniam, Ungariam, et per omnes partes ubi vigent blasphemiae lutheranae" (Bologna, 1644).

Wadding, Scriplores ordinis minorum (Rome, 1906), 16; Sbaraglia, Supplementum et castigatio ad scriptores trium ordinum S. Francisci (Rome, 1908), 35-36; Franchini, Bibliosofia e memorie letterarie di scrittori francescani conventuali (Modena, 169.3), 36.

C. A. DUBRAY.

Scammon, Ellakim Parker, educator, b. at Whitefield, Maine, U. S. A., 27 Dec, 1816; d. at New York, 7 Dec, 1894. Having received an ap- pointment to the U. S. Military Academy at West Point he made the usual course there and graduated (1837) fifth in a class of fifty-two. He remained at the academy as a tutor in mathematics, having among his pupils the future Generals Grant, Rosecrans, Newton, and other famous army officers. During the Seminole war he .saw active service and was one of General Scott's aides in the Mexican war (1846- 47), his bravery at Vera Cruz winning him promotion. Just before starting from New York for the war in 1846 he became a convert. From 1847 to 1854 he was attached to the topographical corps surveying the Upper Lakes. In 1856 he left the army. Later he taught mathematics at St. Mary's College, and at the Polytechnic College, Cincinnati, Ohio. He took an active part as a volunteer in the Civil War, re- ceiving the commission of brigadier-general on 15 Oct., 1862. He was U. S. Consul at Prince Edward Island from 1866 to 1871, and, from 1875 until his retirement (1882), was professor of mathematics at Seton Hall College, South Orange, New Jersey.

CuLLUM, Biog. Register Officers and Graduates U. S. Military Acadamy (Boston, 1891); Fi.ynn, Catholic Church in New Jersey (Morristown, 1904); Nat. Cyclopedia Am. Biog., s. v.; Freeman's Journal (New York), files.

Thomas F. Meehan.

ScandaL— This article will treat: I. The Notion OF Scandal; II. Its Divisions; 111. Its Malice; IV. Cases in which the Sin of Scandal Occurs.

I. Notion of Scandal. — According to St. Thomas (II-II, (2. liii, a. 1) scandal is a word or action evil in itself, which occasions another's si)iritual ruin. It is a word or action, that is either an external act — for an int(!rnal act can have no influence on the conduct of another — or the omission of an external act, be- cause to omit what one should do is equivalent to doing what is forbidden; it must be evil in itself, or in appearance; this is the interpretation of the words of