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SAZE-ALTENBURG

of Ivrea and Vercelli, and made a law that his terri- tories should never be divided and that the succession should be by primogeniture. In order to form a bar- rier against the increasing influence of the French kings the Emperor Charles IV in 1361 separated Savoy from Aries and appointed Amadeus imperial vicar for Aries (until 1378). Amadeus VII (1383-91), the "Red Count", gained Nice, VentimigUa, and Chi-

Amadeus VIII (1391-1434), known as the antipope FeUx V (q. v.), was made a duke by Emperor Sigis- mund in 1416; in 1422 he received the County of Geneva in fief, and in 1426 gained VercelU and feudal supremacy over Montferrat. Under his weak and idle son Louis (1334-65) the power of the rising house dechned. Amadeus IX the Fortunate (1465-72) left the government to his wife Yolande, sister of the French king Louis XI, who was also regent for her minor son Philibert I (1372-82). French influence increased in Havoy and involved the country in the wars between France and the emperors. Philibert II (1497-1504) inclined in politics more to the Austrian and Spanish side; this was also the policy of Charles III (1504-53). The latter received Asti in 1530 from his brother-in-law, the Emi)eror Charles V, but in 1534 lost Geneva, in 1536 Vaud and the southern shore of the Lake of Geneva as far as the Swiss cantons of Berne, Freiburg, and Valais, and in 1536 he was driven out of Savoy and Piedmont by the French king. The Truce of Nice in 1538 left the French in possession of their conquests, and Charles retained only Cuneo, Asti, and Vercelh. However, his son Emmanuel Phili- bert (1553-80) regained nearly all his territories in 1559 by the Peace of Cateau-Cambr^sis ; in 1564 he concluded the Treaty of Lausanne with the Swiss Con- federation, in agreement with which he recovered Cha- blais, but renounced his claim to Geneva and the Vaud. He acquinvl Tenda and Oneglia, founded the University of AI(>nd<)\i, and replaced the feudal sys- tem by an enlightened absolutism which afterwards became a model for Europe.

Emmanuel I the Great (1580^1630), son of Em- manuel Philibert, sided in politics sometimes with Spain and the emperor, sometimes with France, ac- cording as he hoped to gain the greater advantage. In 1588 he conquered the Margraviate of Saluzzo, to which France also laid claim, and retained it in the Peace of Lyons (1601) as the ally of Philip of Spain. In return, however, he was obliged to concede the provinces of Gex, Bresse, and Valromy to P>ance. During this reign Chablais, which had become almost entirely Protestant during its dependency on Berne, was regained for the Catholic Faith by the labours of St. Francis of Sales (q. v.). The ambition of Em- manuel I even led him in 1619 to aim at the imperial crown. On account of his claims to Montferrat. which in 1536 had fallen to Mantua, he took part in the War of the Mantuan Succession (1628-31). His son Victor Amadeus I (1630-37) by the treaty of peace obtained parts of IVIontferrat, but was obliged to yield Pinerolo and the valley of Perosa to France. In 1635 he supported the French army in the struggle with the emp(>ror for the Duchy of Milan.

Charles Emmanuel II (1638-75), a prince fond of art and anxious for the prosperity of his people, came into possession of the lands of the counts of Geneva, a branch of the House of Savoy. Victor Amadeus II (1675-1730), son of Charles Emmanuel, refused in 1690 to bring an army to the aid of Louis XIV against the alliance between the emperor, England, Sweden, Spain, and the Netherlands; in return the French seized Savoy and Piedmont. When in 1696 the duke withdrew from the alliance by an independent treaty he received from France not only all that had been lost but also Pinerola and Perosa. Consequently in the War of the Spanish Succession Victor Emmanuel at first was a partisan of Louis XIV, but in 1703 he

joined Austria and its confederates. Upon this the French took possession once more of his country; the victory of Eugene of Savoy (a member of the Carig- nan branch of the family) at Turin in 1706 freed Pied- mont from the enemy. In the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 the duke recovered Savoy and Nice from the French, while the emperor gave him Montferrat from the Spanish inheritance, parts of the Duchy of Milan, and the Island of Sicily, as well as the title of king. In 1718 he was obliged to abandon Sicily to Austria and accept in return the much less valuable island of Sardinia, but in consideration of this he was acknowl- edged as king by Spain. The House of Savoy now took the title of King of Sardinia from the island of that name, although Savoy and Piedmont remained its chief possessions. Henceforth the history of Savoy is in general the same as that of the Kingdom of Sar- dinia (q. v.). During the French Revolution Savoy was occupied bj^ the French, and by the Treaty of Nice in 1796 was surrendered to France together with Nice. It was restored to Sardinia by the Congress of Vienna. In the war of 1859 with Austria Lombardy fell to Pied- mont, but in 1860 King Victor Emmanuel II was obliged to cede Savoy and Nice to P>ance in return for the aid that Napoleon III, in accordance with the secret treaty of Plombieres (1858), had given the king in this war. Thus the ancestral lands of the Italian royal family belong to-day to the French, much to the vexation of the Italians.

Manno, Bibliografia storico degli stati delta monarchia di Savoia (8 vols., Turin, 1884-1908); Cibrario, NoHzia sopra la stnria dei principi di Savoia (2nd eel., Turin, 1866); Idem, Storia della monarchia di Savoia (3 vols., Turin, 1840-44); Idem, Origini e pro- gresso delle istituzioni della monarchia di Savoia (2 vols., Flor- ence, 1869); RicoTTi, Storia della monarchia piemontese (6 vols., Florence, 18C1-70); St-Genis, Hist, de Savoie (3 vols., Cham- bfry, 1869); Cardtti, Storia della diplomazia delle corte di Savoia (4 vols., Turin, 1875-80) ; Idem, Regesta comitum Sabaudioe ab ultima stirpis origine ad annum 1S63 (Turin, 1889) ; Gerbai.ic di SoNNAZ, Studi storici sul contado di Saroia e sul marchesato in Italia (3 vols., Turin, 1883-1903); Gabotto, Lo stato Sabaudo da Amadeo VIII ad Emanuele Filiberto (3 vols., Turin, 1892-95); Perrin, Hist, de Savoie (ChamWry, 1900) ; Hellman, Die Grafen ton Savoyen u. das Reich bis zum Ende des staufisch. Periode (Inns- bruck, 1900) ; de Angeli, Storia di casa Savoia (Milan, 1906) ; Ardouin-Dumazet, Voyage en France, VIII-X (Paris and Nancy, 1903).

Joseph Lins.

Saze, Jean de. — For a long time two astronomers of the Middle Ages were confounded under this name.

(1) Joannes Danko, or de Danekowe, de Sax- ONiA, composed (1297) the "Notulse super compo- tum"; there is also in Paris a copy of the Canons of Jean de LiniSres made by him (1323).

(2) Jean de Counnout (de Connaught), called DE Saxonia, was likewi.se a disciple and great admirer of Jean de Linieres, and a composer of various as- tronomical and astrological works. In 1327 he drew up the "Canones super tabulas Alfonsii regis Cas- tellai", of great and lasting fame; in 1331 he reviewed the "Introductorium ad judicia astronomiae" of .-\.l- Kabici (Alchabitius). In 1355 he composed examples of numerical computation on the "Canons" of Jean de Linieres, later on his own "Canons", to give the students of the University of Paris practice in the use of astronomical tables. The "Canones in tabulas Al- fonsii" were printed following the "Alfonsian Tables" in 1483. The "Scriptum super Alkabicium" was pub- lished at Venice, 1489, 1491, 1502, 1503, and in Paris in 1520.

BoNCOMPAGNi, Intorno alle vile inedite di tre matematiri (Gio- van7ii Danck di Sassonia, Giovanni de Lineriis e Fra Luca Pacioli di Borgo San Sepolcro) scritte da Bernardino Baldi in Bulletino di Bibliografia e di Storia delle Scienze matematiche e fisiche, t. XII, 1879.

Pierre Duhem.

Saze-Altenburg, one of the Saxon duchies in the east of Thuringia. situated on the west frontier of the Kingdom of Saxony. It has an area of 511 sq. miles, and consists of two parts (separated by the principal- ity of the younger branch of the Reuss family), the