Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 13.djvu/532

 SARCOPHAGUS

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SARDICA

tions from Casimir •mth Poems, Odes, and specimens of Latin Prose", J. Kitchener (London and Bedford, 1821); "Wood-notes; the Silvihidia Poetica of M. C. Sarbie\4us \\-ith a translation in Enghsh verse", by R. C. Coxe (Xewcastle-on-lVne, 184S); "Specimens of the PoUsh poets, with notes and observations on the Literature of Poland", by Jolin Bowring (printed for the author, London, 1827).

SoMMERVOGEL, BM. de la C. de J., t. VII, vol. II; Mathiw Casi- miri Sarbieuski, S.J ■ Poemala Orw/iia (Staravies, 1812); Father Prout's Reliques; Baumgart.ner, WeltlMeratur,iy; Kolanow- SKi, De M. C. Sarbierio Poloniw Horatio disxertatio; Diel in Stim- men aus Maria-Laach (1S73) ; Daniel, Etudes classique/t.

John F. Quirk.

Sarcophagus. See Catacombs, subtitle V.

Sardes, a titular see of Lydia, in Asia Minor, prob- ably the ancient Hyde of Homer (Iliad, H, 844; XX, 38.5), at the foot of Mount Tmolus; see also Strabo (XIII, iv, 5); Phny (Hist, nat., v, 29); Stephen of Byzantium, s. v. The name Sardes, which replaced that of Hyde, seems to have been derived from the Shardani, a people mentioned in the cuneiform in- scriptions as inhabiting this region. At an early period Sardes was the capital of the Lydians, an early dynasty- of whom reigned from 766 to 687 b. c. ; a sec- ond, that of Mermnades founded by Gyges in 687 b. c, reigned until 546 b. c. Its last king, the celebrated Croesus, was dethroned by Cyrus. Thenceforth it was the residence of the Persian satraps, who adminis- tered the conquered kingdom. The capture of the city by the lonians and the Athenians in 498 b. c. was the cau.se of wars between the Persians and Greeks. In 334 it surrendered without a struggle to Alexander the Great, after whose death it belonged to Antigonus until 301, when it fell into the power of the Seleucides. Antiochus III having been defeated at Magnesia by the Piomans 190 B. c, Sardes was incorporated with the Kingdom of Pergamus, then with the Roman Empire, becoming the capital of the Province of Lydia. The famous river Pactolus flowed through its agora, or forum.

In the Apocalypse (iii, 1-3) a letter is written to the Church of Sardes by St. John, who utters keen re- proaches against it and its bishop. Among its martyrs are mentioned the priest Therapon, venerated 27 Maj', and Apc)llonius (10 July). Among its bishops, of whom Le Quien (Oriens Christ., I, S.59-66) gives a long list, were St. Mcliton (second century), writer and apologist; St. Euthymius, martyred for the ven- eration of images (26 Dec, 824); John, his succes.sor, who also sufTercd for the Faith ; Andronicus, who made several attempts for the reunion of the Churches. As religious metropolis of Lydia, Sardes ranked sixth in tlie hierarchy. As early as the seventh century ((jclzcr, "Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Notitia? episcopatuum", 5.37), it had 27 suffragans, which number scarcely varied until the end of the tenth centur>\ At the beginning of the fourteenth century the town, which was still very populous, was captured and destroyed by the Turks. In 1369 it ceased to exist, and Philadelphia replaced it as metropolis i^Waechter, "DerVerfall des Griechentums in Kleina- im XIV Jahrhundert", 44-46). Since then it has been a Greek titular metropolitan see. At present, under the name of Sart, it is but a mi.serable Turkish village in the sandjak of Saroukhan, and the vilayet of Smyrna. Not one well-preserved and important monument is found among the very extensive ruins.

Arlndell, DiHcriTerirn in Ani/i Minor, I (Lonflon, IS.'M), 2f)-28; Fellow, Jourruil wrilten durinf/ an excumion in Aiiti Minor (Lfjndon. 1S:W), 2V)-2'.)r,: Hbad, Catalogue of the Greek Coinn of Lydia (Ixjnrion, 1(K)1, 230-77); Ram.say, The Leltem to the Seven Churrhef of A Mia (JaitkIod, 19f)8), .'i.M-fiS; Smith, Did. Greek and Roman Geog., h. v.; Fillion in Vio., DirJ.. de Ui liih., b. v.; Ha- DET, Iva hydie M le monde grer. au temps den Mermnades (PariH, 1893); TfHiHATCHEr, AHe Mineure, I. 232-42; Texieh, Axie Mineure fPariH, 18R2), 2.')2-.59; Pakooire, Sainl-Eulhi/me eX Jean dr. Sardei in Erhoi, d'Orierd, V, 1.57-61; Le Cami-h, Leji gepl Egliret de VApocnlvpue fPariff, 1K90). 21H-.30; Lamhakes, The Seven Stars of the Apocalypse, in Greek (Athens, 1909).

S. Vailh6.

Sardica, a titular metropolitan see of Dacia Medi- terranea. The true name of the city (now Sophia, the capital of Bulgaria) was Serdica, the city of the Serdi, a Thracian people defeated by Crassus in 29 B. c. and subjected to the Kingdom of Thrace, the vas- sal of Rome. When this kingdom was suppressed in 49 B. c. the Serdi were included in the Roman Prov- ince of Thracia. The Emperor Trajan transformed the borough of the Serdi into a city which he called Ulpia Serdica. In 275 Aurelian caused Dacia beyond the Daiu)l)e to be evacuated, and trans])lanted to Moe- sia and Thracia the soldiers and colonists who were faithful to the Roman cause. The country occupied by these immigrants formed the new Province of Da- cia, Sardica being included in this province (Homo, "Essai.sur le regne de I'empereur Aurelien", 313-21). Later, Diocletian divided IDacia into Dacia Ripensis and Dacia Mediterranea. Sardica was the civil and ecclesiastical metropolis of the latter. Gallienus es- tablished a mint at Sardica, and Constantine the Great, who was born in the region, contemplated making it his capital. Ecclesiastically, Sardica be- longed to the Patriarchate of Rome until 733, when it was annexed to that of Constantinople until 809. Upon the conversion of the Bulgarians, in 865, Sardica was one of the first cities which had a see. Until 1204 it was included in the Grai-co-Bulgarian Patriarchate of Achrida, until 1393 in the Bulgarian Patriarchate of Tirnovo, and until 1872 in that of Constantinople. Since then Sardica, or, as it is now called, Sophia, be- longs to the national Church of Bulgaria. The earli- est known bishoj) is Protagenes, who assisted at the Council of N^ica'a in 325; the best known is Bonosus, who shortly afterwards attacked the virginity of the Blessed Virgin. (For the council held here in the fourth century see Sardica, Council of.)

Although taken by Attila and often destroyed by the Slavs, the town remained under Byzantine do- minion until 809, when it was captured by the Bul- gars, who changed its name to Sredetz, later trans- formed by the Greeks into Sraditza and Triaditza. Again occupied by the Greeks from 1018 to 1186, it en- joyed great prosperity; a section of the population was Paulician or Manicha>an. After some years of troubles it again fell into the power of the Bulgars. Its present name of Sophia dates from the ]\Iiddle Ages, though the precise date of its first use cannot be assigned. In the sixteenth century Sredetz and So- phia were used simultaneously. In 1382 the city was captured by the Turks, and for more than four cen- turies it was the residence of the beijlcrbcg, or governor general, of Rumelia. In 1878 Sophia was chosen aa the capital of the Principality of Bulgaria, ami since 1908 has been the capital of the King(iom of Bulgaria. A vicariate Ai)stlic was (•n>ate{l licre at an early date establislied the See of Si)liia, which in 1(513 w;is made archicpiscopal. It was suppressed towards the end of the eighteenth century, because the Catiioiics were pensecuteci by the Turks and had emigrated, mostly to Austria and Russia. Relative peace was restored in 1835, and Rome confided the direction of the Cat holi(!s to the Rcdemptorists, under a vicar Apostolic who had not received episcopal consecration. The Rc- demptorists were replaced by the Capuchins in 1841. their superior being consecrated bishop in 1848. At present an archbishop is at the head of this vicariate Apostolic. Sophia has 105,000 inhabitants, of whom a small number are Catholics. The Christian Broth- ers have a schof)l there, and the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Apparition three convents.
 * ind confided to tlic I'raiiriscmis. In 1610 Rome re-

Le Quif.n. Orient rhrisl.. II, 301-00; Gams, Series episropo- rum, 410; Echos d'Orifit, VII, 200-1 1 ; Jireck, Das FUrstrnthum liuUliriens (Praeiic, 1801), 357-78; VailhJS in Vacant, Dirt, de Ihtol. rath., II, 1233; Hii.airk de Barendon, La France ratho- lif/ue en Orient (Paris, 1902), 200-03; Mennini, Relazione. . . suilo statu del sun aiiostnlico ririirin nel 1890-1891 (Milan, 1801); DCPUY-P^yor, La liulmrie aur liulo'irei (Paris, 189.5), 278-.324; Missiones Calholicm (Rome, 1790), 117. S. VaILHJ6.