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 SARAJEVO

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SARAYACT^

pendence, only the crypt and the doorway being left; a few years ago, however, it was rebuilt, and now serves as a parish church. The ITniversity of Saragossa obtained from Carlos I (the Emperor Charles \) in 1542, the privileges accorded to others in Spain. Its importance was afterwards promoted by Pedro Cerduna, Bishop of Tarazona; he gave it a' building which lasted until it wjis blown up by the French in ISOS. A sci)arate building has been erected for the faculties of medicine and sciences.

The archieiiisci)al palace is a splendid edifice erected by Archbishop Agustin de Lezo y Palomeque. There are two ecclesi:istical seminaries: that of Sts. Valerius and Braulius, founded by Archbishop Lezo in 17SS, was destroyed by an explosion and was rebuilt in 1824 by 'Archbishop Bernardo Frances Caballero; that of* St. Charles Borromeo, formerly a Jesuit college, was converted into a seminary by Carlos III.

Florez-Risco, Esp. sagrada, XXX, XXXI (2nd ed., Madrid); Lamberto de Zaragoza, Teatro hist, de las iglesias. . . de Aragdn (Pamplona, 17S0); Cuadrado, Aragdn in Espafla, sus monumentos y artes (Barcelona, ISSC) ; Blancas, Diego de Espes, Carrillo, Episcopologios; de la Fcente, Hist, de las wiiversidades de Espatia (Madrid, 1899) ; O'Reilly, Heroic Spain (New York, 1910).

Ram6n Ruiz Am ado.

Uxn-ERSiTY OF Saragossa. — This universitj^ was not definitively established until 1585, its real founder being Don Pedro Cerbunc, Prior of the Cathedral of Saragossa, and later Bishop of Tarrazona, who, by commission of the city of Saragossa, organized the university, prepared its statutes, and endowed it watli an income of 30,000 reales. At the end of the six- teenth centurj' theology, philosophj^, canon and civil law, medicine, and the humanities were taught. The university was subject to the municipalitj' that had created it until the time of Charles III. The influ- ence of this university was always great in lower Aragon, and during the reign of Charles III, it was great throughout the kingdom. It produced tlic economists and the principal Jesuits who contributed so much to give to the reign of Charles III the laicist character that it developed. At about this time the so-called Voltairean ideas were introduced into the university, the " Academia de Buen Gusto " was estab- lished, and political economy began to be dealt with, which gave ri.se to many noisy polemics, led by Normante and Carcaviella. The study of economics was introduced by Aio and Aurano, and the Royal Academy of Aragon and the Academia de San Lucas helped in the development of letters. Among the profe.s.sors were the physician Juan Sobrarias, the poet Antonio (jeron, Pedro Malon de Chaide, Juan Loernzo Palmireno, Pedro Simon de Abril, the Jesuit Mice Andres Serveto de Avinon, Clemente Comenge, Bishofi of Ciuflad Rodrigo, Juan Francisco Guillen, Archbishop of Burgos, Ustarroz, Aramburo, Carrillo, Portolc'-s, Vargas \Iachuca, etc. With regard to its government and to the programme of its studies, the University of Saragossa, like all the universities of Spain, has lost its individual life, the professors being reduced to the level of state officials, cacli having the anarchical individual licence of exj)]aiiiing Die matter a.s.signed to liirn according to any i)rogranime he may Bee fit, or according to no programme at all. The university ha« faculties of law, medicine^ exa(!t Bciences, physic-s and chemistry, and lettei-s (liistDrical section). There are on an average 000 students, nearly half of whom study medicine, and about (jne quarter each, law and science, while the remainder follow the Ktudi<?H of letters.

Thatlla, HiiUjria de la Univemirlad de Zaragoza (1603); Lajana and Qiamtanet, EKtatuloK de la Unitersidad y estudio general de la ciudad de Zarayoza flOlH); Johef, IHncurKOH fiint/i- ricot pollliroi O0H4); de Cakmon y Trami;i.leh, Memori^m lilera- Tvt» de Zaragoza M70H); Borao, HiKtoria de Ui Uriivemiflad de Zaragoza fs. (\.)\ de La Fuente, Hiatoria de Urn Vnivertidadei de Etpafia (1887).

Teodobo Rodkiguez.

Sarajevo. See Seuajevo, Diocese op.

Sarayacu Mission, the chief Franciscan mission of the Ucayali river t-ountry, Department of Loreto, north-east Peru, in the eighteenth century, and situated uponasmall arm of the river, on the west side, ahovit 6° 45' south and 275 miles above its jinictioii with the Amazon. The name signifies "Ri\('r of th(> Wasp". The evangelization of the wild tribes of Eastern Peru, in the forests beyond th(^ main Cordillera, was divided be- tween the Jesuits and the Franciscans, the former hav- ing the territory immediately along the Marafion (.\mazon) and its northern afiluents, directed from the college of Quito, while the Franciscans took under their care the territory along the middle and upper courses of the Huallaga and Ucayali, directed latterly from the Franciscan college of Ocopa, near Jauja, Central Peru, founded in 1712, especially for the education of missionaries. Sarayacu was established in 1791 by Father Narciso Girbal, his first colonists being some of the wild Setebo Indians. These were soon joined by bands from other tribes, and the popu- lation grew rapidly. In 1801 it was placed in charge

Old Mission Church, .Sarayacu

of Fr. Manuel Plaza, who remained with it nearly fifty years until his death and was succeeded by Fr. Vicente Calvo. In the half-century during which Fr. Plaza with his three or four assistants thus governed their little community in the heart of a savage wilderness, they saw visitors from the outside world only twice, viz. Smyth and Lowe in 1835 and Castelnau in 1846. Under his direction a church and residence were built, and the grass-thatched houses laid out upon a regular town i)Ian. The portico of the church, which callerl forth the admiration of these travellers, was designed and executed by one of the fathers, an Italian with architectural training. With the opening of the revolutionary struggle in 1815 all governmental aid was withdrawn from the missions, most of which were abandoned, a part of the Indians, in some cases, joining these at Saray- acii, which continued to prosper through the tireless energy of Fr. Plaza. In 1835 it contained a popula- tion of about 2000 souls, rej)resenting many tribes — Pano, Omagua, Yameo, Conibo, Setebo, Sipibo. Sensi, Amahuaca, Remo, Camf)a, Mayoruna, and Capanahua, some of them from as far as the Huallaga and the Amazon. Each of the three jirincnpal tribes first named occupied a distinct section of the town. The Pano language was the medium of intercom- munication. Besicles the main town there were several other branch villages along the river, chief of which was Tierra Blanca. All of t,hc few travellers who have left records of their visits to Sarayacti are full of prai.se for the hospitable kindness of the fathers and the good effect of their t(>aching upon the mission Indians as compared with the wild tribes of the forest, except as to the besetting sin of drunk- enness, from the drinking of chicha, a sort of beer