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SAN SALVADOR

Julj', 1458; d. at Rome, in Aug., 1530. He belonged to a family of Spanish origin, in the service of Charles III of Durazzo, holding the fief of Rocca di Mon- dragone from the end of the fourteenth century. He received the name by which he was known be- cause he was bom on the feast of St. Nazarius. Hav- ing lost his father at an early age, he lived in Nocera d'ii Pagani ■with his mother; returning later to Naples, he studied with Pontanus and was a member of the academy which assembled about this scholar. In this group he received the name of Sincerus by which he is often mentioned in the letters of the times. He was closely allied with the princes of Aragon at Naples and followed Federico into the exile to which he was driven by Louis XII, King of France (1521). Relying on the generosity of the French king, Federico established himself at Tours, and Sannazaro remained with him until his death (9 Sept., 1504). During this time Sanna- zaro discovered a MS. containing the hitherto un- knowai works of Latin poets, the fragment of the "Halieutica" as- cribed to Ovid bv PHny the Elder, the "Cynegetica" of Grattius Falis- cus, Nemesianus, and Rutilius Na- matianus.MS.227 of Vienna is actu- ally the portion of this MS. which contained the "Halieutica" and Grattius. MS. 3261 of Vienna is only a sixteenth-century copy of Nemesianus and Rutilius. On returning to his own country Sannazaro left it no more. In his old age he had the sorrow of seeing his villa of Tore di Mergoglino destroyed by the imperial forces. He had just rebuilt it when he died.

In his youth Sannazaro wrote a work in mingled verse and prose entitled "Arcadia", in which he de- scribed the pastoral hfe according to the traditions of the ancients. This work had great success; it was translated and imitated, and in the sixteenth century had about sixty editions; the first was at Venice, 12 May, 1502. The "Arcadia" gave rise to the pastoral style of writing much cultivated in Italy and else- where. A scholarly edition was issued byScherillo (Turin, 1888). Sannazaro's other Italian poems were sonnets and canzoni. All were collected by Galli- poli (Pa^lua, 1723). A correspondent of Paulus Ma- nutius mentions another work called " Gliomero", now lost. A work entitled "Far.sa" affords an idea of it. It consisted of detached .scenes of a popular character, written in the Neapolitan dialect, and in- tended to amuse the king's Court.

Sannazaro's poetical reputation was formerly founder! on his Latin works: the "Ecologia; piscato- riae", bucolic verses concr;rning fishers, elegi(!s and epigrams containing interesting details concerning the life of the poet and contemporaries, his mistres.ses, Carmosina, Bonifacia, and Ca-ssandra, and which are the best evidences of his sentiments; "Salices", account of metamorphosis; and especially the "De partu Virginia", a prjem in three cantos which cost him twenty years of labour and won him the name of the Christian Virgil. These works show that he waa a diligent imitator of Ovid and Virgil. The

Christian poem is a mixture of the antique and the modern, of mythology and Biblical reminiscences. Digressions often far from happy are inserted as orna- ments, for instance in connexion with the ass of the manger Sannazaro reviews all the legends in which the ass has played a part. He also abuses allegorical personifications. The poem, praised by Leo X before it was known, is dedicated to Clement VII, who covered it with praise. Sannazaro's Latin works were pubhshed by Volpi (Padua, 1719) and Janus Bronkhusius (1728).

Belox, De Sannazarii rita el opcribus (Paris, 1S95); Sandys, A History of Classical Scholarship, II (Cambridge, 1908), 90; Sabba- DiNi, La scoperte dei codici latini e greci (Florence, 1905), 140; Campaux, De ecloga piscatoria qualem a reteribus adumbralam absolvere sibi proposuerit Sannazarius (Paris, 1859) ; Nunziante, Un divorzio ai tempi di Leone X (Rome, 1887) ; Torraca, Jacopo Sannazaro (Naples, 1879).

Paul Lejay.

Sanok. See Przemysl, Sambor, and Sanok, Dio- cese OF.

San Salvador, the name given by Columbus to his first discovery in the New World. It is one of the Ba- hama group of islands, and lies to the east of the southern extremity of Florida in 24' north lat. and 75° west long. It is also known under its Indian name of Guanahani. There has been endless discus- sion as to exactly which one of the Bahamas was first discovered by Columbus, and it is probable that men will never quite agree. All that can be said posi- tively is that the first land discovered by him was one of the Bahamas. Different writers have at different times claimed the distinction for Cat Island, Samana, Mariguana, Grand Turk, and Watling's Island. The name San Salvador was given to Cat Island during the .seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but it does not fit the description given by Columbus in as much as it is not low and level and has no interior lagoon. A noteworthy attempt to prove that Samana was the landfall was made by Captain Gustavus V. Fox, of the United States Navy, in the "Report of the United States Coast Survey" for 1880. Navarrete first ad- vocated Grand Turk Island in 182(5, and Varnhagen in 1864 wrote a paper advocating Mariguana. The weight of modern testimony, however, seems to fa- vour Watling's Island. Lieutenant J. B. Murdoch, an American naval officer, made a careful study of the subject, and found that in Columbus's description there were more points of resemblance in Watling's Island than in any other of the group. Among others whose opinion carries weight, and who are advocates of Watling's Island, are Major, the map-custodian of the British Museum, and the eminent geographer, Clements R. Markham. See bibliography of Columbus.

Ventura Fuentes.

San Salvador, Diocese of (Sancti Salva- TORis IN America Centrali). — The Republic of Salvador, often incorrectly called San Salvador from the name of its capital, is the smallest and most thickly populated state of Central America. It is bounded on the W. by Guatemala, on the N. and F. by Hon- duras, on the S. by the Pacific Ocean. It lies between 92° 26' 55 ' and 89° 57' W. long., and 14° 27' 20" and 1.3° 2' 22" N. lat., being 50 miles long and 186 mil(!s broad. It is 7225 square miles in area and is divided politically into 14 departments. The popula- tion in 190 was 1,116,2.53, of whom 772,200 were Ladinos (mixed Spanish and Indian blood), and 224,- 648 Indians, the latter being principally Pipils, but partly Chontalli. The chief towns are San Salvador (59,540), Santa Anna (48,120), San Miguel (24,768), and Nueva San Salvador (18,770); the chief port is La Union (4000). With the exception of a narrow alluvial seaboard Salvador is a high i)lateau, inter- sected by mountains containing many volcanoes, five of which are active. The most remarkable of the