Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 13.djvu/496

 SANGUINISTS

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SANHEDRIN

many important undertakings. Pope Alexander en- trusted him with the fortification of the Castle of San Angelo, and the fort Civita Castellana. The death of his brother afforded him his first oppor- tunity to demonstrate his great talent as an architect and militarj- engineer. He executed the portico of the Servi in' Florence, the aisles of the Annunziata at Arezzo, and at Montepulciano, under the influence of Bramante, the magnificent Church of the Madonna di San Biagio, which must be regarded as one of the

most glorious edifices in Italy. For profane buildings also his services were frequently req- uisitioned; thus at Montepul- ciano and Mon- tesansovino he erected many palaces of almost classical perfec- tion. Appointed chief engineer over all works of fortification by theFlorentine Government, he took a promi- nent part with Michelangelo in the defence of the city. In spite of his great suc- cess he renounced art towards the close of his life, and settled in the country. His numerous sketches and drawings, which reveal a great correctness, are pre- served in the Uffizi Gallery at Florence.

Antonio da S.\n Gallo the Younger, o. 1485; d. at Terni, 1.546. He was a son of the sister of the two preceding, and his real name was Coroliano (cor- rupted into Cordiani). With the art of his uncles, he adopted also their name, and it was he who conferred on this name its greatest splendour. At Rome he at- tached him.self closely to Bramante, working at first in his studio and later succeeding him in the building of St. Peter's. He enjoyed successively the favour of Leo X, Clement VII, and Paul III, in whose service he was engaged for forty-<ine years. His extraordinary activity was displayed in three directions, as a builder of churches, a builder of palaces, and a militarj^ en- gineer. In Rome he made a plan for the Church of San Giovanni dei Fiorentini, but was not entrusted with its execution; completed the Church of the Ma- donna fli Ivoreto, begun by Giuliano da San Gallo; built the Church of Santo Spirito at Borgo, an (sdifice of noble dignity and simplicity. On Raphael's death, he was appointed architect to St. Peter's, and pro- fKjsfid to introdvice important changes into the original plans. He had a large wooden model (still extant) prepared Vjy his pupil Labacco, showing a glorious vesiibulf and in 1h(^ interior and exterior exuberant architfftonic deforativene.s.s. His plan was later n^- jertf-d by Mif}iflangf;lo. For the Cappc^lla P;u)lina he alsfj pff-parcd a jjlan. Among the palaces whi(^h he erected the most c(!lc!l>rated is the Palazzo Farnesc", with the execution of which Canlinal Alexander Far- nes<' Mater Paul III) entru.sted him without suspecting that thereby he w;ih about to make; him onr; of the great (sf builders of palaces in the wholf; world; An- tonio did not live to see the completion of this gigantic work. Hfr al.sf> built the Palazzo Sacdietti, th(fa- mous ^'ilia .Maflama (according to Raphael's plans), and in Borgo the uncompleted Porta Santo Spiritf*. These works did not exhaust his tireless afitivity. Like his uncles, he was also an able military engineer,

and in this capacity was engaged on the fortifications at Civita Vecchia, Ancona, Florence, Parma, Pia- cenza, Ascoli, Nepi, Perugia, and on the Lago di Marmora. Wc must also mention the celebrated Pozzo di S. Patrizio (St. Patrick's Well) at Orvieto, executed (1527-40) at the commission of Clement VII; this is cut one hundred and ninety-eight feet into a tufa rock, 248 steps leading to the water-level. An- tonio was buried in St. Peter's.

Of the other members of this illustrious family of artists may be mentioned: Giovanni B.\ttista An- tonio DA San Gallo (1496-1552), a brother of An- tonio the younger, whom he assisted in his work; Fr.\ncesco da San Gallo (1496-1576), son of Giuli- ano, sculptor and military engineer; Bastiano da San Gallo (1481-1531), known as Aristoteles, a nephew of Giuliano, painter; Giovanni Francesco DA San Gallo (1482-1.530), architect and engineer.

Lauriere and Muntz, Giuliano da San Gallo et leu monuments antiques du MvH de la France (Paris, 1885); von Geymuller, Documents inidits sur les manuscrits et les ceuvres d' architecture de la famille des San Gallo (Paris, 1885) ; Clausse, Les San Gallo (.3 vols., Paris. 1900-02).

Beda Kleinschmidt.

Sanguinists. See Precious Blood, Congrega- tion OF THE Most.

Sanhedrin, the supreme council and court of justice among the Jews. The name Snnhedrin is derived originally from the Greek word a-w^Spiov, which, variously modified, passed at an unknown period into the Aramaic vocabulary. Among the Greek-speaking Jews, yepovffia, "the assembly of the Ancients" was apparently the common name of the Sanhedrin, at least in the beginning; in post-Biblical Hebrew the appellation Beth-Din, "house of judg- ment", seems to have been quite popular.

History. — An institution as reno\\Tied as the San- hedrin was naturally given by Jewish tradition a most venerable and hallowed antiquity. Some Doctors, indeed, did not hesitate to recognize the Sanhedrin in the Council of the seventy Elders founded by Mo.ses (Num., x-i, 16) ; others pretended to discover the first traces of the Sanhedrin in the tri- bunal created by Josaphat (II Par., xix, 8): but neither of these institutions bears, in its composition or in its attributions, any resemblance to the Sanhe- drin as we know it. Nor should the origin of the Sanhedrin be sought in the Great Synagogue, of which tradition attributed the foundation to Esdras, and which it considered as the conne(ting link be- tween the last of the Prophets and the first Scribes: for aside from the obscurity hovering over the functions of this once much-famed body, its very existence is, among modern scholars, the subject of the most serious doubts. Yet it may be that from the council of the nobles and chiefs and ancients, on which the ruling of the restored community devolved at the time of Nehemias and Esdras (Neh., ii, 16; iv, 8, 13; V, 7; vii, 5; I Esd., v, 5, 9; vi, 7, 14; x, 8), gradually developed and organized, sprang up the Sanhedrin. At any rate, the first undisjxited men- tion we possess touching th(yepovala of .Jerusalem is connected with the reign of Antiochus the Great (223-187 H.c; .Joseph., "Antic).", XII, iii, 3). From that time on, we are able to follow the history of the Sanh(Hlrin until its disappearance in the overthrow of the .Jewish nation.

As under the Greek rulers the Jews were allowed a large measun; of self-government, many points of civil and religious administration fell to the lot of the high priests and the ytpovala to s(!ttle. But when, after the Machabeaii wars, both the royal and priestly powers w(!re invested in the person of llie Hasmonean kings, t.h<! autliority of the Sanhedrin was naturally thrown in the background by that of the autf)cratic rulers. Still the Sanhedrin, where a majority of Pharisees held sway, continued to be