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stroyed the city and put all the inhabitants to the sword. Forty-nine Dominicans with Sadok, prior of the convent of St. James, were martyred. In 1476 Jan Dlugosz, the celebrated annalist and Polish his- torian, a canon of Cracow and Sandomir, built here for the cathedral clergy a house which is still existing and is called by his name.

The Congress of Sandomir (1570) was assembled for the purpose of union between Protestant s(cts and the foundation of a national Protestant Church. The results were negative, but certain measures wen; pro- posed and approved for the regulation of the relations between the Protestant sects.

Up to the second half of the eighteenth century the city of Sandomir and its territory' were under the im- mediate jurisdiction of the Diocese of Cracow. In 1787 through the initiative of Michael Poniatowski,

The Cathedral at S.^ndomir

administrator of the Diocese of Cracow, the Holy See created Sandomir a diocese. The first bishop was Mgr. Adalbert Radozewski (d. 1796). In 1818, after the Concordat with Ru.ssia, Pius VH promulgated the Bull "Ex imposita nobis", which suppressed the greater part of the Diocese of Kielce and transferred its episcopal seat to Sandomir. In the next year Mgr. Stephen Holowczyc, dean of the cathedral of Kielce, was consecrated bishop. The new dio- cese comprised the ancient Principality of Sandomir, which is now the Province of Hadom, and part of the Province of Kielce. Bishop Holowczyc had scarcely taken possession of his diocese l)efore he was made Archbishop of Warsaw, and a Franciscan, Adam Pros- per Burzynski, succeeded him in 1820. After the death of Bishop Burzynski (9 Sept., 1830) the cathedral chapter administered the diocese until 1840, when the rector of the seminary, Clement Bankiewicz, was made bishop at the age of eighty, and died 2 January, 1842. His successor was Bishop Joseph Joachim Goldtman, who had been Bishop of Wladislaw since 1838; he was transferred to the See of Sandomir in 1844, and died on 22 March, 1853. Bishop Joseph Michael Yuszynski, who had occupied various ecclesiastical offices in the diocese, succeeded him, and was consecrated 10 July, 1859. Under him the number of deaneries of the diocese was decreased from seventeen to seven. On his death Bishop An- thony Francis Sotkiewicz, administrator of the Archdiocese of Warsaw and professor of canon law in the ecclesiastical seminar^' of that city, was conse- crated 20 May, 1882; d. 4 May, 1901. At the time of his elevation the number of secular clergy was 278, and the Catholic population 730,940. He was suc- ceeded on 4 September, 1902, by Stephen Alexander Zwierowicz, Bishop of Vilna, who was transferred from the latter see to Sandomir, where he died on 3 January, 1908. The present incumbent of the see is Bishop Marianus Joseph Ryn, canon of the cathedral, who was consecrated 7 April, 1910. The diocese at present comprises seven deaneries : Sandomir, Opat6w, Ibza, Kozienice, Radom, Opoczno, and Konskie. There are six churches in the city of Sandomir; the

cathedral, which dates from 1 120 and to which a cathe- dral chapter has been attached since 1818; the Church of St. James, founded in 1200 by Bk'.s.s(Hl Adelaide; here dwelt Hyacinth and Martin of Sandomir, whom Gregory IX sent as his ambassador to St. Louis, to induce him to undertake a crusade; and Raymond Bembnowski, author of the Acts of the Martyrs of Sandomir; the Church of the Conversion of St. Paul, which was in existence in the beginning of the thir- teenth century; the Church of the Holy Ghost, founded by the Religious of the Holy Ghost of Santa Maria in Sassia in 1222; the Church of St. Michael, founded in 1686 and attached to a Benedictine mon- astery; and the Church of St. Joseph, founded in 1685 by the Protestants. There are 212 parishes in the diocese, 1 cathedral church, 1 collegiate church, 10 de- tached churches, and 50 chapels. The secular clergy number 295. The religious houses were all dispensed after the Polish insurrection of 1863. The regulars are represented by one Franciscan lay brother in the parish of Wysmierzyce. The Sisters of Charity, numbering forty-two, have seven hospitals at Sandomir, Radom, Strzyzowice, Opat6w, Stasz6w, Opoczno. Near Bqdzentyn is a cloistered Franciscan monastery with thirteen sisters. The canons of the cathedral number twelve, those of the college, six. There are 870,674 Catholics. Amongst the Catholic societies of San- domir may be mentioned the Society of Charities, founded in 1905, with 155 members; the archconfra- ternity of St. Stanislaus Koslka, founded in 1906, with 30 young men; the Christian Working Men's So- ciety, founded in 1907, with 98 members, and the Catholic Society, founded in 1908 with 188 mem- bers.

Balinski, Starozytna polaka pod wzglendem historycznym, jeograficznym i stalystycznym opisana (Description of Ancient Poland, historical, geographical, and statistical), II (Warsaw, 1844), 268-280; Chandzynski, Wspomnienia sandomierskie i opis miasta Sandomierza (Recollections of Sandomir and a de- scription of the city) (Warsaw, 1850); Bulinski, Munografia miasta Sandomierza (Warsaw, 1879); Rokoszny and Gajkowski in Encyklopedja koscielna, XXIV (Warsaw, 1900), 338-352; Rokoszny, Suienle Pamiantki Sandomierza (Sacred Monuments of Sandomir) (Warsaw, 1902); Idkm, Przewodnik po Sandomierzu (Guide to Sandomir) (Sandomir, 1908); Catalogus ecclesiarum et cleri swcnlaris ac regularis dicecesis iSandomiriensis pro anno Domini 1911 (Sandomir, 1910)

A. Palmieri.

Sands, Benjamin F., rear-admiral United States Navy, b. at Baltimore, Md., 11 Feb., 1812; d. at Washington, D. C, 30 June, 1883. His parents were non-Catholics and he became a convert in 1850, hav- ing married a Catholic, Henrietta M. French, sister of Major-General William H. French, U.S.A. He ■was appointed a midshipman in the navy from his native state, 1 April, 1828, and passed through the successive grades of promotion until he received the rank of rear-admiral, 27 April, 1871, and was placed on the retired list on reaching the age of 62 years, 11 February, 1874. During the Civil War he held several important commands with conspicuous suc- cess, and in 1867 was made superintendent of the Naval Observatory at Washington. During his in- cumbency of this office, which lasted until 1874, he advanced the observatory to a place equal to the most celebrated in Europe. For many years he was a member of the Catholic Indian Bureau in Washing- ton. Notes he left were compiled by his son, F. B. Sands, into the book "From Reefer to Rear Ad- miral". His son George H. graduated at West Point and served in the U. S. Army. Three others, Wil- ham F., F. B., and James H., also served in the navy; a daughter, Rosa, became a Visitation nun.

James Hob an Sands, rear-admiral U. S. N., son of foregoing; b. at Washington, D. C, 12 July, 1845; d. there 26 October, 1911. Following the footsteps of his father he achieved a high reputation in the naval service for daring and seamanship. Appointed to the