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 SANDHURST

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SANDOMIB

in 1551, and took a share in Pole's reform of the university. He had to flee under Elizabeth and was ordained at Rome, afterwards receiving the degree of Doctor of Divinity. He also wrote there in 1560 a remarkable "Report on the State of England" for Cardinal Moroni (Catholic Record Soc, I). He attended the Council of Trent as a theologian of Cardinal Hosius and afterwards accompanied him and Cardinal Commendone in legations to Poland, Prussia, and Lithuania. In 1565 he returned to Louvain, then nuich frequented by Catholic exiles, amongst whom was his mother, his sister Elizabeth being a nun of Syon at Rouen. Nicholas became professor of theology there, and soon joined in the great controversy over Jewel's "Apologie", in which the English exiles first appeared to the world as a learned and united Catholic body. Sander's con- tributions were, "The Supper of the Lord", "A Treatise of Images", "The Rock of the Church" (Louvain, 1565, 1566, 1567), followed by his great work, "De visibili monarchia ecclesiae" (Louvain, 1571). These works, joined with the proofs he had already given of diplomatic ability, and the high esteem of the nobles and gentry who had fled from England after the Northern Rising (1569), caused Sander to be regarded as practically the chief English Catholic leader. Almost the earliest attempt to restore ecclesiastical discipline in England after the fall of the ancient hierarchy was the Rescript of Pius V (14 August, 1567), granting to Sander, Thomas Harding, and Thomas Peacock (the former treasurer of Salisbury and president of Queen's College, Cambridge; see "Diet. Nat. Biog.", xxiv, 339; xliv, 143) "bishoply power in the court of con- science", to receive back those who had lapsed into heresy (Vatican .Arch., Var. Pol., Ixvi, 258; Arm., 64, xxviii, 60). When Sander was summoned to Rome in 1572, his friends believed that he would be made a cardinal, but Pius V died before he arrived. Gregorj' XIII kept him as consultor on English mat- ters, and many letters of this period are still pre- served in the Vatican. In 1573 he went to Spain to urge Philip II to subsidize the exiles, and when in 1578 James Fitzgerald had persuaded Sega, papal nuncio at Madrid, with the warm approbation of Gregory, and the cold connivance of Philip, to fit out a ship to carry arms to Ireland, Sanders went with him as papal agent, but without any title or office. They landed in Dingley Bay (17 July, 1579) and the Second Desmond war ensued with its terri- ble consequences. Sander bore up with unshaken courage, as his letters and proclamations show, in spite of all disasters, till his death. He belonged to the first group of English exiles, who, never having lived in England during the persecution, never realized how complete Elizabeth's victory was. He believed, and acted consistently in the belief, that strong measures, like war and excommunication, were the true remedies for the great evils of the time; a mistaken policy, which though supported by the popes of that day, was subsequently changed. The most widely known of Sander's books is his short "De schismate .\nglicano". It was published after his death, first by E. Rishton at Cologne in 1585, then with many aw, bih. Did. Em,. Calh., V. 476; Belleaheim, Oench. der Kat. Kirche in Irlnntl, II (Mainz, 1890), 108; Lewih, S'lnder't Hinlory of the EnyliHh Schiitm (London, 1877). He in aluo freguently mentioned in the EnKlinh, Irish, and Spanish .StaU; Pap>er8, and there are many of his papers in the Vatican Archives. J. H. POLLEN.

Sandhurst, Diocese of (Sandhurstensis), in Victoria, Australia, sufTragan of Melbourne. The cathedral city, officially known as Bendigo, is situated about one hundred mil(>s directlj^ north of Melbourne, in a .shallow basin surrounded by an anii)hitheatre of gently-rising hills rich in gold, (liscovered in the dis- trict in 1852. This fact attracted to Bendigo immi- grants from all parts of the world, among them many Irish and others professing the Catholic Faith. The fu'st missionary wius the Rev. Dr. Backhaus. On 21 Sept., 1874, Mo.st Reverend Martin Crane, O.S.A., was consecrated first bishop of this diocese and ar- rived at the scene of his future labours early in 1875 accompanied by the Rev. M. Maher and the Rev. Stephen Reville, O.S.A. The latter was in 1885 ap- pointed coadjutor bi.shop to Dr. Crane and succeeded him as bishop on 21 Oct., 1901. During the twenty- five years of Dr. Crane's active administration, and since his demise, the interests of the Church have advanced rapidlj^ both in a spiritual and material sense. WTien in 1875 Bishop Crane assumed charge of the diocese it contained but four parishes with one priest in each. There was no convent or Catholic school. At present the principal churches are situated at Wangaratta, Beechworth, Benalla, Chichern, Shep- parton, Ecbuca, and Rochester. The two last named parishes together with that of Kyabram are in charge of the Irish Augustinian Fathers who, at the invita- tion of Bishop Crane, came to the diocese towards the close of 1886. Besides the Augustinian Fathers, there are Marist Brothers, Sisters of Mercy, Sisters of St. Brigid, Sisters of St. Joseph, Presentation Sisters, Faithful Companions of Jesus, and Good Shepherd Sisters. In many outlying districts, unable to main- tain a community of nuns, there are flourishing pri- mary schools in charge of lay teachers. In the im- mediate vicinity of Bendigo, there is now in course of construction an orphanage and Magdalen Asylum, which up to date has cost £45,000, the funds for which are derived from the estate of Dr. Backhaus.

The statistics for 1911 are: districts, 22; churches, 105; secular priests, 36, regular, 6; religious brothers, 7; nuns, 200; college, 1; boarding-schools (girls), 6; primary schools, 31; superior day-schools, 13; chil- dren in Catholic schools, over 400; total Catholic population (1901), 4q,368.

Australasian Cath. Directory (1911); Annuaire Pontif. Cath. (1911); MoRAN, Hist, of the Catholic Church in Australasia; HoGAN, The Irish in Australia (1888); Therry, New South Wales and Victoria (1863).

Stephen Reville. San Domingo. See Dominican Republic, The,

Sandomir (Polish, Sandomierz), Diocese of (Sanuomiuiex.sis). — The city is very ancient, with still existing traces of jirehistoric construction. Its population is 6891, of which 2364 are Catholics, 46 of the Orthodox Church, and 3433 Jews.

When King Mieczyslaw I (962-92), introduced Christianity into Poland he built two churches at Sandomir dedicated to St. Nicholas and St. John. In the Middle Ages the city became an important centre of political and religious life. Here lived several il- lustrious and holy personages, namely, the Blessed Salome (1210-68), daughter of Leszek the Fair and wife of Koloman I, King of Hungary; Blessed Ade- laide, daughter of Casimir the Just (1179-94), King of Poland, who founded the parochial church of St. John where she wiis buried (1211); Blessed Vincent Kladubek, who died in 1223 after a fruitful apostolic ministry and was canonized by Clement XIII; Blessed Czfislaw, a Dominican (d. 1242 or 1247), the brother of St. Hyacinth; his cult was approved throughout Polandby Clement XII in 1735; St. Hya- cinth, the celebrat(!d and apostolic Dominican who was one of the glories of Catholic Poland; St. Cune- gunde (1224-92), wife of Boleslaw the Chaste, King of Poland. In 1260 Tatar hordes completely de-