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 SANDEMANIANS

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SANDER

tongues were gradually shortened; in the thirteenth century the sandal was a regular shoe with a slit above the foot or on the side to make the putting on easier In the sixteenth century there was a return to the earlier form of the sandal; instead of a high shoe it now became once more a low foot-covering, like a slipper, a form which it has retained until the present time. The material of which the pontifical sandals are made was, until the thirteenth century, exclusively leather, at times covered with silk. Since the later Middle Ages, the upper part of the sandals has been made, not of leather, but of silk, velvet, etc. It is not until about 1400, with the exception of entirely isolated earlier examples, that a cross is to be found upon the sandals. The fork-shaped decoration, fre- quently found on pontifical shoes, especially on those of the thirteenth century, was not a cross, but merely an ornament.

Braun, Die pontif. GewUnder des Abendlandes (Freiburg, 1898) ; Idem, Die liturg. Gewandung im Occident u. Orient (Freiburg, 1907); Bock, Gesch. der liturg. Gewander, II (Bonn, 1866); de hiy AS, A nciens vHemenls sacfrdotaui (Paris, 1860-63) ; Rohault DE Fleury, La mease, VIII (Paris, 1889).

Joseph Braun.

Sandemanians, an English form of the Scottish sect of Glassitos, followers of John Glas (b. 1695; d. 1773) who was deposed from the Presbyterian ministry in 1728, for teaching that the Church should not be subject to any league or covenant, but should be governed only by Apostolic doctrine. Glas's son-in-law, Robert Sandeman (b. 1718; d. 1771), having been for many years an elder in the Glassite sect, removed to London in 1760, where he gathered a congregation at (Hovers' Hall, Barbican. Though for the most part he followed the teaching of Cllas, he went beyond that doctrine in maintaining that faith is only a simple assent to Divine testimony which differs in no way from belief in ordinarj- human evidence. In 1764 Sandeman went to America to propagate his views, and founded .some congregations there, for which reason the Glassites in America, like those in England, are known as Sandemanians. In England the sect has never been numerous, po.s- sessing less than a dozen meeting-places in the whole country, including two in London. It is chiefly known owing to the great chemist Sir Michael Faraday (b. 1791; d. 1867) having officiated as a Sandemanian elder in London in the middle of the nineteenth century. Membership is granted on con- fession of sin and public profession of faith in the Death and Resurrection of Christ. The new mem- ber receives a blessing and the kiss of peace from all present. Each congregation is presided over by several elders, all unpaid, who are elected for their earnestness of conviction and sincerity, and who hold office for life. On the death of an elder the sur- vivors propose for election the name of a suitable member of the congregation, who is then elected by the whole body. The Sandemanians practise a weekly celebration of the Lord's supper, and the agape or love-feast, which takes the form of dining together between the morning and afternoon services. The elders alone preach, but the ordinary members take turns in ofTering prayers. The ceremonial washing of feet is also performed on certain occasions. They abstain from things strangled and from blood. As they consider that casting lots is a sacred process, they regard all games of chance as unlawful. They practise community of goods to a modified extent, considering all their property as liable to calls on behalf of the Church and the poor. It is also con- sidered wrong to accumulate wealth. If any mem- ber differs obstinately from the rest he is expelled and by this system perfect unanimity is secured. They refuse to join in prayer with members of other denominations and to eat and drink with an ex- communicated person is held to be a grievous sin.

The Sandemanians as a religious body are very ob- scure and it is difficult to obtain reliable information with regard to them, but the total membership in Great Britain is believed not to exceed two thousand.

Blunt, Diet, of Sects, Heresies, and Schools of Thought (London, 1874); Diet. Nat. Biog., s. w. Glas and Sandeman; JONES, Life and Letters of Faraday (London, 1870).

Edwin Burton.

Sandeo, Felino Maria, often quoted under the name of Fehnus, ItaUan canonist of the fifteenth century, b. at Felina, Diocese of Reggio, in 1444; d. at Lucca, October, 1503, according to most '^Titers, according to others at Rome, 6 Sept. of the same year. He taught canon law from 1466 to 1474 at Ferrara, which was his family's native place, and at Pisa until 1484, when he became auditor of the Sacred Palace and hved at Rome. On 4 May, 1495, he became Bishop of Penna and Atri and on 25 Sept. of the same year Coadjutor Bishop of Lucca with right of succession. He became I3ishop of Lucca in 1499. Felino was a good compiler but lacked origi- nality. His chief work is "Lectura", or "Commen- taria in varios titulos libri I, II, IV, et V DecretaUum" (see Hain, "Repert. bibliogr.", II, ii, 269-78, N. 14280-14325, published rather often, notably at Milan, 1504; Basle, 1567; Lyons, 1587). He also published a "Sermo de indulgent ia", " Repetitiones " "Consilia", and "Epitome de regno Sicihae" (s. 1., 1495). Some unedited works are mentioned in Fabricius, "Bib. latina media? et infimae aetatis" with additions by Mansi, II (Florence, 1858), 558.

ScHULTE, Gesch. der Quellen und Lileratur des canonischen Rechts. II (Stuttgart, 1877), 350-2; Eubel, Hierarchia cath. medii avi, II (Munster, 1901), 199, 236. A. VaN HoVE.

Sander, Anton, historian, b. at Antwerp, 1586: d. at Afflighem, Belgium, 10 Jan., 1664. Having become master of philosophy at Douai in 1609, he studied theology for some years under Malderus at Louvain, and Estius at Douai, and was ordained priest at Ghent. For some years he was engaged in parochial duties, and combated the Anabaptist movement in Flanders with great zeal and success. In 1625 he became secretary and almoner of Cardinal Alphonsus de la Cueva, later becoming canon, and in 1654 penitentiary at Ypres. After three years, however, he resigned this office to devote himself en- tirely to scientific, and especially to historical studies. He .soon found himself compelled to claim the hos- pitality of the Benedictine Abbey of Afflighem, since he had reduced himself to absolute poverty by the pubhcation of numerous works. He combined high intellectual gifts with great zeal, and left behind forty- two printed, and almost as many unprinted, works. The most important are the following: "De scrip- toribus Flandria; libri III" (Antwerp, 1624); "De Gandavensibus eruditionis fama claris" (Antwerp, 1624); "De Brugensibus eruditionis fama claris hbri II" (Antwerp, 1624); "Hagiologium Flandria; sive de Sanctis eius provincise liber unus" (Antwerp, 1625; 2nd ed., Lille, 1639). A general edition of these four works appeared under the title: "Flandria illustrata" (2 vols., Cologne, 1641-44; The Hague, 1726). Of his other works may be mentioned: "Elogia cardina- lium sanctitate, doctrina et armis illustrium" (Lou- vain, 1625); "Gandavium sive renim Gandavensium hbri VI" (IBrussels, 1627); "Bibliothecabelgicamanu-' scripta" (2 parts, Lille, 1641-3); " Chorographia sacra Brabantia? sive celebrium in ea provincia ecclesiarum et cocnobiorum descriptio, imaginibus aeneis illu.s- trata" (Brussels, 1659; The Hague, 1726); this is his chief work.

FoppENS, Bibl. Belgica, I (Brussels, 1739), 87 sqq., Hcrter, Nomenclator. PaTRICIUS ScHLAGER.

Sander (Sanders), Nicholas, b. at Charlwood, Surrey, in 1530; d. in Ireland, 1581. Educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, he graduated