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 SALZBURG

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SALZBURG

innovations emanating from Wittenberg were in- sinuating themselves into the archdiocese. Mining was being rapidly developed, and miners arrived from Saxony bringing with them the new doctrines and sectarian books. Lang strove to retain his subjects in the Faith: Luther proclaimed him a "monster", the people of Salzburg besieged him in his fortress Hohcn-Salzburg (the Latin War), and two successive risings of the pea.sants were the occasion of manifold horrors and of unspeakable suffering for the ruler and his land. Lang was present at the Second Diet of Speyer (1529); and in the following year held lengthy negotiations xs-ith Melanchthon at Augsburg. The fact that Lang invited lay persons to the provincial synod of 1537, at which it was resolved to send dele- gates to a general council, created an unpleasant commotion in Rome, since it was feared that this step presaged the formation of a national Church. In accordance \\nth Ferdinand's demand for the use of the chalice by the laity in 1564, Pius IV granted this privilege for Germany and the Archdioceses of Gran and Prague; however, as the emperor's hopes were soon seen to be unfounded, the giving of Com- nnmion under both species ceased at Salzburg in 1571. The beneficent effects of the Council of Trent extended also to Salzburg, where, for the execution of its decrees, Archbishop Jacob of Kuen-Belasy summoned in 1569 a provincial council, according to Hauthaler the most important of all the synods of Salzburg, since through it "was secured for ever a solid foundation for church reform in this province in accordance with the spirit of the decrees of Trent". Four years later he again convened a provincial council, especially notable as almost three centuries were to elapse before another provincial council was held in Germany.

The succeeding archbishops by wise moderation per.ser\-ed their territory from the sufferings of the wars of religion, conducted elsewhere with bloodshed and cnu'lty. Lang's successor, Archbishop Ernst, administered the archdiocese for fourteen years as "elected bishop", although the pope had confirmed his election only on the condition that he should receive epi-scopal consecration within ten years, and although his brother, Duke William of Bavaria, was a strict Catholic. During this period flourished Theophrastus Paracelsus (Philip of Hohenheim), the celebrated physician and alchemist, also Berthold, Bishop of Chiemsee, a strict censor of his age (see Bkrthold of Chiemsee).

After the religious Peace of Augsburg Archbishop Wolf Dietrich (Wolfgang Theodorich) of Raitenau and his successors acted on the pohc^y adopted there {cujus regio, ejus religio), and followed the precedent set by Protestant princes, when they gave their subjects the ojilion of professing the religion of their fathers or emisrating. The task of influencing the people by sermon and exhortation was confided mainly to the Franciscans and Capuchins. The former were given the convent in St. Peter's, where previously the daughters of the nobility and the townsfolk had been educated. Archbishop Wolf Dietrich also encountered opposition at Salzburg when he began to tear down the ancient Romanestjue cathedral; years were consumed in the destruction of the venerable stone edifice. He commissioned Vincenzo Scamozzi to draw up the plan of a new cathedral, whieh was to surpass in magnificence everj'thing in Germany. The cathedral w:ih cross- shaped, ha/1 three naves, a central cupola, cross-arms ending in a wrrmicircle, and two huge towers on the faf;;wle. However, when the plan was completed and building was to be begun, the indefatigable archbishop found himself badly involved. The closing five years of his life were sari. To protect the salt-makers of Salzburg from the unjust rustoms regulations of Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, he re-

sorted to military demonstrations, which constituted a breach of national peace. The soldiers of the duke took him prisoner, and brought him to the castle of Hohen-Salzburg. Here he was subjected to un- worthy treatment, and, although a promise to abdi- cate if liberated was extorted from him, he was re- tained a prisoner until his death five years later (1612). His successor, Marcus Sitticus of Hohenems, who had so ill-used him, was a relative; it may be that Sitticus feared that the great recklessness of Wolf Dietrich would imperil the peace of the arch- diocese. In 1614 Sitticus began the rebuilding of the cathedral, in which the architect, Santino Solair, "has bequeathed one of the most niagnificent crea- tions of the barocco style of architecture outside Italy" (Ilg). It was also this archbishop who finished the residence and castle of Mirabell, and restored Hellbrunn with its fountains. While Austria and Germany were ravaged in the Thirty Years' War and civilization declined. Archbishop Paris, Count of Lodron, accomplished such fruitful works of peace that he is remembered as "the father of his country". The Alma Benedictina (1623), for almost two hun- dred years the pride and joy of Salzburg, was his work; Ferdinand II granted it the power of conferring academic degrees in all four faculties. In 1628 Arch- bishop Lodron consecrated the cathedral. Arch- bishop Max Gandolf, Count of Kuenberg, built in 1674 the celebrated pilgrimage church of Maria Plain; his successor, John Ernest, Count of Thun, built the college church, Fischer of Erlach being the architect. The wonderful chimes also date from this period.

Under Leopold Anton, Freiherr von Firmian, Prot- estant tendencies revealed themselves more vigor- ously than before, supported and promoted by the Protestant members of the imperial estates. In imitation of the Corpus evnngelicorum, the Lutherans of the Salzburg territory formed a league, binding themselves by oath and an outward rite of mutual sprinkling of salt. The infection grew dangerous. The archbishop did all he could; he invited the Jesuits as missionaries, and engaged the help of the emperor. Later he enforced the I)ecree of the religious Peace of Augsburg: recantation or emigration. In ten years about 30,000 j)ersons left the territory and settled in East Prussia, or in Wiirtemberg or Hanoverian territory; a f(nv emigrated to Georgia in North America. A child of the era of "Enlightenment", Archbishop Jerome Count Colloredo laboured in its spirit and with the same persistent rashness as Joseph II. However, his precipitate innovations in both the school system and ecclesiastical matters alienated from him the minds of the jx-ople, as had happened in the case of his imi)cri;il jjrolot.ype. The fact that the four ecclesiastics of the highest rank in Germany declared as the first point in the Punctuation of Ems that the rights of the pope should be reduced to those which he enjoyed during the first three cen- turies, betrays a rare historical sense, since they sawed off the branch on which they sat. While Jerome in this case followed too blindly the lead of Joseph II, he displayed his courage wh(m the emperor wi.shed to erect new ecclesiastical provinces in Vienna and Graz. The Graz province was to be governed by an archbishop, Gorz was to be a simple diocese, and all the dioceses of Inner Austria — including the projected Diocese of Leoben — were to be placed under Graz. Colloredo refused his consent, where- upon the emperor retaliated by seizing the ecclesias- tical possessions of S;dzburg in Inner Austria, with- out, however, changing the archbishop's attitude. Finally, after two yc\ars' negotiations, a settlement was arrived at on 19 April, 17K6; Salzburg abdicated its episcopal rights in Styria and Carinthia in favour of the Bishoj)s of Sekkau, Leoben, Gurk, and Lavant, but retained its metropolitan rights over them,