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SALZBURG

Wolfgang Bishop of Ratisbon. Friedrich declared the monastery of St. Peter independent. In 996 Archbishop Hartwik received the right to coin money; in the presence of Saint Henry II and his spouse Kunigunde, the archbishop consecrated the church on the Nonnberg. \Mien St. Hemma, Countess of Friesach, founded the convent of Gurk in 1042, the first abbess, Ita, was chosen from Nonnberg. In Salzburg the noble tendencies and great principles of the age of Gregory VII and his immediate succes- sors, aiming at the sanctification of the Church, the success of the Crusades, the fostering of rehgious hfe among the people, and the development of monas- tic Ufe, were always encouraged. The first arch- bishop of this period was Gebhard. Three students had set out for Paris to study philosophy and the-

Cathedrm- an-d Archiepisc )p\l Palace, Salzburo olog>'; during a night spent in a forest-glade near a spring, they confided to one another their ideals for the future — each wished to become a bishop, and each vowed in this contingency the foundation of a monastery. Their hopes were gratified: Adalbert became Bishop of Wurzburg and founded Lambach in Upper Austria; St. Altmann of Passau founded Gottweig for twelve canons, who were replaced twelve years later by Benedictines from St. Blasien in the Black Forest; Gebhard founded Admont (1074) and the Diocese of Gurk (1072). These bishops were the mainstays of the "cause of St. Peter" in Germany. They held aloof from the Synod of Worms to which Henry IV summoned the bishops and abbots to declare their opposition to the pope. Henry therefore named an anti-bishop for Salzburg, Bertold of Moosburg, and Gebhard had to endure an exile of nine years; shortly before his death he was able to return, and was buried at Admont (10S8). His succe.ssor Thcimo consecrated the church and monastery of St. Paul in Carinthia. Defeated by the royal bishop, Bertold, he was kept in strict con- finement for five years at Freisach; scarcely had he recovered his liberty when he joined in the crusade of Guelph of Bavaria, was again thrown into prison, and suffered a horrible martyrdom (1102). On the abdication of Henry IV, Count Conrad I of Abens- berg was elected archbishop ; Conrad accompanied Henry V to Ilome, when he went thither to receive imperial coronation. Paschal II anfl Henry came to an agreement according to which the Church should renounce all claim to the imperial fiefs, and the emperor all claim to investiture. When this condition, on which the coronation was to fake place 12 February, 1111, became known, the German bishops and even the secular nobility protested against it, fearing lest by an onslaught on all the imperial fic^fs the king should make his power abso- lute. The pop<; waa held in confinement, the priests

robbed of their rich vestments, the church plate, and even the buckles of their shoes. When the arch- bishop complained of this treatment, a German knight threatened to cleave his head in twain. His dig- nified bearing rendering it impossible to maintain his position in Salzburg, he hved an exile until the investiture strife was definitivelj^ settled by the CaUstine Concordat of 1122. Conrad henceforth devoted all his energy to his diocese; he replaced the secular clergy at the cathedral by August inian Canons, whose rule he himself adopted in 1122, and established a convent of canonesses. At Seckau also he established the canons, and appointed the cele- brated Gerhoh provost of Reichersberg. He mean- while granted establishments to the Benedictines (Georgenberg, Fiecht), Cistercians (Victring in Carin- thia), Pra^monstratcnsians (Wilten near Innsbruck). The Church of St. Peter was also rebuilt in Roman- esque style; while previously the monks of St. Peter's had elected the archbishop, they abdicated this right in favour of the canons by the agreement of 1139 between the abbot and archbishop.

In the first contest between the papacy and empire during the Hohenstaufen period, the archbishops of Salzburg had taken the side of the Guelphs. WTien, in 1159, Frederick I declared in favour of Victor IV, the creature of two GhibcUine cardinals, against Alexander III, Archbishop Eberhard I, Count of Hippoldstein, steadily supported Alexander. Bar- baro.ssa left him in peaceful possession of his see until his death. However, his successor, Conrad II, son of Leopold III the Pious, aroused Frederick's anger, and died a fugitive at Admont in 1168. Barbarossa now stood at the acme of his fortune. He opposed to Archbishop Adalbert, son of King Wladislaus II of Bohemia, as anti-bishop Provost Henry of Berch- tesgaden; however, at the Diet of Venice (1177) — "the last great diet of the Middle Ages", at which pope and emperor exchanged embraces — it was agreed that both bishops should abdicate, and that Conrad III of Wittelsbach should receive the archi- episcopal see, and appoint the imperial archbishop to the See of Mainz. Through Conrad the arch- bishops of Salzburg received the rank of legate Apos- tolic throughout the whole ecclesiastical province of Noricum, and therewith the dignity of cardinal. On Conrad's death Adalbert again succeeded to the archdiocese. On account of his excessive strictness he was confined in the castle of Werfen for four- teen days by his own officials. When Frederick II adopted the policy of his father in a still more exagger- ated form, and was consequently excommunicated by Gregory IX, Archbishop Eberhard II of Regensberg (Switzerland) and his friend Duke Leopold VI brought about the Peace of San Germano (1230). The Christian leaders met at Anagni, whither the archbishop also came, but the duke died on the way to the meeting. The archbishop consecrated the monastery of Lilienfeld, founded by the duke, and interred him there. Meanwhile the zealous arch- bi.shop had created within his territory three new dioceses to give increased efficiency to the care of souls: Chiemsee (1216), Seckau (1218), St. Andrew's in the Lavantal (1225). For these dioceses also the archbishop was not only to nominate, but also to confirm and consecrate. On account of his friendly relations with the emperor it is evident that he exercised the pn-rogatives of sovereignty, and is to be honoured as "the founder of the land of Salz- burg". For refusing to j)ub!ish the Decree of the First General Council of Tvyons, which excommuni- cated Frederick anfl reli(^ved him of his empire, Eberhard also incurred excommunication. When he dierl suddenly the following year, still under the ban, his body was buried in an annex of th(i parish-church of Radstadt, but forty years later it was transferred to consecrated ground in Salzburg cathedral.