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 SALVIANUS

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SALZBURG

Salvianus, a Latin writer of Gaul, who lived in the fifth century. Bom of Christian parents, he mar- ried a pagan woman named Palladia, who was con- verted together with her parents; husband and wife resolved to live thenceforth in continence. About 430 Salvianus became one of the ascetics directed by Honoratus of Lerinum. Gennadius speaks of him as a priest of the Church of Marseilles. He lived and wrote in the South of Gaul. He was probably a na- tive of the Roman Germania — of Trier, according to a conjecture of Halm (De gub., VI, xiii, 72). He trav- elled in Gaul and in Africa. In his extant writings he does not yet know of the invasion of Attila and the battle of Chalons (4.51).

Of the numerous works mentioned by Gennadius (De viris, Lxvii) there remain only nine letters and two treatises: "Ad ecclesiam adversum avaritiam" and "De gubematione Dei" or "De praesenti judi- cio". The fourth is one of his most interesting let- ters; in it he explains to his recently-converted par- ents-in-law the decision reached by him and his wife to observe continence. In the ninth he justifies to Solonius his use of a pseudonym in his first writing. He issued the treatise "De ecclesia" under the name of Timotheus; this work exhorts all Christians to make the Church their heir. The "De gubematione Dei", in eight books was written after 439 (VII, x, 40). He endeavoured to prove a Divine explanation of the barbarian invasions. With the orthodox but depraved Romans he contrasts the barbarians, infidels or Ari- ans, but %irtuous. This thesis places Salvianus in the ranks of the Latin moralists, who from the "Ger- mania" of Tacitus down, show to their corrupt com- patriots an ideal of justice and virtue among the Ger- mans. The work, dedicated to Bishop Salonius, a disciple of Lerinum, is unfinished and seems to have appeared in fragments; Gennadius knew only five books.

Salvianus is a careful writer, much resembling Lac- tantius, but his style is strongly influenced by the rhetoricians, and its prolixitj* renders it wearisome. The same influence doubtless explains the exaggera- tion of his ideas on the necessity of giving all his goods to the Church and the antithesis of Roman cor- ruption and German virtue. The "De gubematione Dei" contains interesting pictures of manners, but all must not be taken literallj'. Salvianus speaks as an advocate and in doing so forces the tone, palliating what goes against his case and bringing out in the strongest relief all that favours it. To judge the so- ciety of the time by his pictures is to risk making mistakes. Apart from his style, Salvianus is not highly cultured. He has some slight knowledge of law; he is ignorant enough to attribute Plato's "Re- public" to Socrates (De gub., \'II, x.xiii, 101). There are two critical editions of his works: Halm in "Mo- numenta Germania?" (Berlin, 1S77) and Pauly in "Corpus script, ecclesiasticorum latinorum" (Vi- enna, 1883).

Bardenhewer, PatTologie (Freiburg, 1894), i. §93; Teuffel, Gcschichle der rdmischen LUeralur (Leipzig, 1890), 465; Ebert, Geschichle der Literalur des MiltelaUers, I (Leipzig, 1889), 4')9. For a fuller and more complete bibliography of Salvianus see Chevalier, Repertoire des sources hisloriques du moyen Age. Bio- bibliographie, 9. v. Salvien. PaUL LeJAY.

Salzburg, Archdiocese of (Salisbukgensis), conterminous with the Austrian crown-land of the same name. The Romans appeared in the lands south of the Danube under Emperor Augu.stus, laid out roads, founded towns, and turned the terri- tory into a province. Salzburg belonged to Nori- cum. Christianity was introduced by individual colonists, artisans, and soldiers; St. Maximihan, Bishop of Laureacum (Lorch), is mentioned as the first martyr of Noricum during the era of the perse- cutions. Although Constantine brought peace to the Church, the Romanized territory was subsequently exposed on all sides to the attacks of barbarian

peoples, and the last representative of Roman civili- zation in Noricum was St. Severus (d. 482). He vis- ited Cucullae (Kuchel near Hallein) and Juvavum (Salzburg), where he found a church already es- tablished and witnessed the martyrdom of the priest- abbot Ma.ximus. His apostolate was "the last ray before utter darkness"; the whole territory was soon devastated by barbarian tribes, and it was only about 700 that Christian civilization again made its appearance. St. Rupert, Bishop of Worms, baptized Duke Theodo of Bavaria, erected at W^alder- see a church in honour of St. Peter, and made Juvavum, where he found the Roman buildings over-grown with brambles, his episcopal .seat. The cathedral monastery was also named after St. Peter, and Rupert's niece, Avendrid, founded the convent of Nonnberg. St. Boniface completed the work of St. Rupert, placed the Diocese of Salzburg under the Primatial See of Mainz, and .substituted the Bene- dictines for the Irish monks in St. Peter's. He had a dispute with their abbot-bishop Virgil concerning the existence of the antipodes. Virgil dispatched the regionary bishop Modestus to Carinthia, of which the latter became the apostle. Under Virgil the valuable "Liber confratemitatum", or confraternity book of St. Peter's, was begun.

Amo, the successor of Virgil, enjoyed the respect of Charlemagne, who, after overthrowing the Avars, assigned to him as his missionary territory all the land between the Danube, the Raab, and the Drave. While .\rno was at Rome attending to some business for Charlemagne, Leo III appointed him archbishop over the bi.shops of Bavaria. Wlien the di.spute con- cerning the delimitation of their ecclesiastical i)rov- inces broke out between Aquileia and Salzburg, Charlemagne declared the Drave the boundary. The dignity of the archbishops as territorial sov- ereigns must be al.so traced to Charlemagne. Amo took advantage of the intellectual life at the court of the great emperor to have manuscripts copied in 1.50 volumes, thus forming the oldest library in Austria. The efforts of Duke Wratislaus of Mra\-ia to withdraw his territory from the ecclesiastical in- fluence of the Germans prepared great trouble for Archbishop Adalwin. Adrian II appointed Metho- dius Archbishop of Pannonia and Moravia; it was only when Wratislaus had fallen into the hands of Louis the German that Adalwin could protest ef- fectually against the invasion of his rights. Metho- dius appeared at the Synod of Salzburg, was struck in the face, and was kept in close confinement for two and a half years. To the endeavour of the archbishop to demonstrate to the pope the jus- tice of his claims we are indebted for the im- portant work, "De conversionc Bulgarorum et Carantanorum hbellus". However, Adalwin was compelled to relea.se Archbishop Methodius at the command of the pope. Darkness once more settled on the land, when the Magyars ravaged the great Moravian Empire; not a church remained standing in Pannonia, as the bi.shops informed the pope, and Archbishop Thiadmar fell in battle. Michaelbeuern was set aflame. With the crushing defeat of the Magyars at Lechfeld (955) begins a henceforth un- arrested Christian civilization in Salzburg. When, shortly after this, Liudolf of Swabia and Conrad of Lothringen rose against Otto the Great and inducetl Archbishop Herold to become their associate, the latter was seized, blinded, deposed, and finally banished.

The tenth century is for Italy the soeculum obscu- rum, the era of the feuds of the opposing factions of the nobility. In Germany, on the contrary, the epis- copate flourished, and in this prosperity Salzburg also participated. The emperor's brother, BLshop Bruno of Cologne, the "bishop-maker", consecrated Friedrich for Salzburg, who in turn consecrated St.