Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 13.djvu/459

 SALVATION

407

SALVATION

Ai,K(iKp;, IHxl. de la Cnmpaflia ilr, Jesus (3 vols., Mexico, 1841); Bancroit, Ilisl. North Mexican Slates and Texas, I (San Fran- cisco, 1886) ; Beristain y Souza, Biblioteca Hispano Americana Sricntrional, III (Amecameca, 1883); Gleeson, Hist. Catholic Church in California (2 vols., San Francisco, 1872) ; Venegas, Noticia de la California, y de su conquista temporal y espiritual (3 vols., Madrid, 17.57); imperfect translations in English (Lon- don, 1759), French (Paris, 1767), German, and Dutch.

James Mooney.

Salvation, in Greek <TWT7)pla, in Hebrew yeshu- ah, has in Scriptural language the general meaning of liberation from straitened circumstances or from other evils and of a translation into a state of freedom and security (I Kings, xi, 13; xiv, 45; II Kings, xxiii, 10; IV Kings, xiii, 17). At times it expresses God's help against Israel's enemies, at other times, the Di- vine blessing bestowed on the produce of the soil (Is., xlv, 8). As sin is the greatest evil, being the root and source of all evil. Sacred Scripture uses the word "salvation" mainly in the sense of liberation of the human race or of individual man from sin and its consequences. We shall first consider the salvation of the human race, and then salvation as it is verified in the individual man.

I. Salvation of the Human Race. — We need not dwell upon the possibility of the salvation of man- kind, or upon its appro{)riateness. Nor need we re- mind the reader that after God had freely determined to save the human race, He might \v,i\v done so by pardoning man's sins without having recourse to the Incarnation of the Second Person of the Most Holy Trinity. Still, the Incarnation of the Word was the most fitting means for the salvation of man, and was even neccssiiry, in case God claimed full satisfaction for the injury (lon(> to him by sin (see Incarnation). ThoughtlieofHceof Saviour is really one, it is virtually multiple: there must be an atonement for sin and damnation, an establishment of the truth so as to overcome human ignorance and error, a perennial source of ,spiritual strength aiding man in his struggle against weakness and concupiscence. There can be no doubt that Jesus Christ really fulfilled these three functions, that He therefore really saved mankind from sin and its consequences. As teacher He es- tabhshed the reign of truth; as king He supplied strength to His subjects; as priest He stood between heaven and earth, reconciling sinful man with his angry God.

A. Christ as Teacher. — Prophets had foretold Christ as a teacher of Divine truth: "Behold, I have given him for a witness to the people, for a leader and a master to the Gentiles" (Is., Iv, 4). Christ himself claims the title of teacher repeatedly during the course of His public life: "You call me Master, and Lord; and you say well, for so I am" (John, xiii, 13; cf. Matt., xxiii, 10; John, iii, 31). The Gospels inform us that nearly the whole of Christ's public life was de- voted to teaching (see Jesus Christ). There can be no doubt as to the supereminence of Christ's teaching; even as man. He is an eyewitness to all He reveals; His truthfulness is God's own veracity; His authority is Divine; His words are the utterances of a Divine person; He has the personal power to prove His teaching by miracles; He can internally illumine and move the minds of His hearers; He is the eternal and infinite wisdom of God Incarnate Who cannot deceive and cannot be deceived.

B. Christ as King. — The royal character of Christ was foretold by the Prophets, announced by the an- gels, claimed by Christ Himself (Ps. ii, 6; Is., ix, 6-7; Ezech., xxxiv, 23; Jer., xxiii, 3-5; Luke, i, 32-33; John, xviii, 37). His royal functions are the founda- tion, the expansion and the final consummation of the kingdom of God among men. The first and last of these acts are personal and visible acts of the king, but the intermediate function is carried out either invisibly, or by Christ's visible agents. The practi- cal working of the kingly oflSce of Christ is described

in the treatises on the sources of revelation, on grace, on the Church, on the sacraments, and on the last things.

C. Christ as Priest. — The ordinary priest is made God's own by an accidental unction, Christ is consti- tuted God's own Son by the substantial unction with the Divine nature; the ordinary priest is made holy, though not impeccable, by his consecration, whUe Christ is separated from all sin and .sinners by the hypostatic union; the ordinary priest draws nigh unto God in a very imperfect manner, but Christ is seated at the right hand of the power of God. The Levitical priesthood was temporal, earthly, and carnal in its origin, in its relations to God, in its working, in its power; Christ's priesthood is eternal, heavenly, and spiritual. The victims offered by the ancient priests were either lifeless things or, at best, irrational ani- mals distinct from the person of the offerer; Christ offers a victim included in the person of the offerer. His living human flesh, animated by His rational soul, a real and worthy substitute for mankind, on who.se behalf Christ offers the sacrifice. The Aaronic priest inflicted an irreparable death on the victim which his sacrificial intention changed into a religious rite or symbol; in Christ's sacrifice the immutation of the victim is brought about by an internal act of His will (John, X, 17), and the victim's death is the .source of a new life to himself and to mankind. Besides, Christ's sacrifice, being that of a Divine person, car- ries its own acceptance with it; it is as much of a gift of God to man, as a sacrifice of man to God.

Hence follows the perfection of the salvation wrought by Christ for mankind. On His part Christ offered to God a sat isfaction for man's sin not only suf- ficient but superabundant (Rom., v, 1.5-20); on God's part sujjposing, what is contained in the very idea of man's redemption through Christ, that God agreed to accept the work of the Redeemer for the sins of man, He was bound by His promise and His justice to grant the rcmis.sion of sin to the extent and in the manner intended by Christ. In this way our salvation has won back for us the essential prerogative of the state of original justice, i. e., sanctifying grace, while it will restore the minor prerogatives at the Resurrection. At the same time, it does not at once blot out indi- vidual sin, but only procures the means thereto, and these means are not restricted only to the predestined or to the faithful, but extend to all men (I John, ii, 2; I Tim., ii, 1-4). Moreover salvation makes us co- heirs of Christ (Rom., viii, 14-17), a royal priesthood (I Pet., ii, 9; cf. Ex., xix, 6), sons of God, temples of the Holy Ghost (I Cor., iii, 16), and other Christs — Christianus alter Christus; it perfects the angelical orders, raises the dignity of the material world, and restores all things in Christ (Eph., i, 9-10). By our salvation all things are ours, we are Christ's, and Christ is God's (I Cor., iii, 22-23).

II. Individual Salvation. — The Council of Trent describes the process of salvation from sin in the case of an adult with great minuteness (Sess. VI, v-vi). It begins with the grace of God which touches a sinner's heart, and calls him to repentance. This grace can- not be merited; it proceeds solely from the love and mercy of God. Man may receive or reject this in- spiration of God, he may turn to God or remain in sin. Grace does not constrain man's free will. Thus as- sisted the sinner is disposed for salvation from sin; he believes in the revelation and promises of God, he fears God's justice, hopes in his mercy, trusts that God will be merciful to him for Christ's sake, begins to love God as the source of all justice, hates and de- tests his sins. This disposition is followed by justifi- cation itself, which consists not in the mere remission of sins, but in the sanctification and renewal of the inner man by the voluntary reception of God's grace and gifts, whence a man becomes just instead of un- just, a friend instead of a foe and so an heir according