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 SALISBURY

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SALMANTICENSES

at the same time he shows sound historical sense, is an intelligent critic, and regards it as the chief object of his historical writing to present the exact truth.

Michael, Salimbene und seine Chronik (Innsbruck, 1889); POTTHAST, Bibliotheca historica medii cevi (Berlin, 1896), 99-1.

Patricius Schlager.

Salisbury, Ancient Diocese of (Sarum, Saris- BURiENSis). — The diocese was originally founded by St. Birinus, who in 634 established his see at Dor- chester in Oxfordshire, whence he evangelized the Kingdom of Wessex. From this beginning sprang the later Dioceses of Winchester, Sherborne, Rams- bury, and Salisbury. In the time of Bishop St. Headda (676-705) the see was moved to Winchester, and on Headda's death (705) a formal division took place, when the greater part of Wiltshire with por- tions of Dorset and Somerset were formed into the Diocese of Sherborne of which St. Aldhelm became the first bishop. Ten bishops in turn succeeded St. Aid- helm before the next subdivision of the see in 909, when Wiltshire and Berkshire became the separate see of Ramsbury, restricting the Diocese of Sherborne to Dorsetshire only. The arrangement continued until the two dioceses were again united in 1058 under Her- man, who had been made Bishop of Ramsbury in 1045. He Uved to transfer his episcopal chair to Old Sarum in 1075. His successor, St. Osmund, built a cathedral there and drew up for it the ordinal of offices, which became the basis of the Sarum Rite (q. v.) It was the seventh Bishop of Sarum, Richard Poore, who deter- mined to remove the cathedral from the precincts of the royal castle of Old Sarum to a more convenient spot. On 28 April, 1220, he laid th<> foundation stones of the present cathedral, beginning with the Lady chapel which was consecrated on 28 Sept., 1225. Among those present was St. Edmund, afterwards Arch- bishop of Canterbury, and at this time treasurer of Salisbury. The cathedral was completed in 1266, having taken nearly half a century to accomplish. It stands alone among English cathedrals in having been built all of a piece, and thus possesses an archi- tectural unity which is exceptional ; it is also remark- able as being the first important building in the early English style. The cloisters and chapter house were shortly added; the spire regarded as the most beauti- ful in Europe is one of the loftiest in the world, and was a later addition, the exact date of which is un- known; probably built by 1300. The diocese was divided into four archdeaconries: Salisburj', Berkshire, Wiltshire, and Dorsetshire. In the "Valor Ecclesias- ticus" of 1535, over 800 parish churches are recorded.

From the translation of the see to Salisbury the bishops were: Old Sarum: Herman, consecrated 1058, removed the cathedral to Sarum, 1075; St. Osmund, 1078; vacancy, 1099; Roger, 1103; Jo- celin, 1142; vacancy, 1184; Hubert Walter, 1189; Herbert Poore, 1194; New Sarum: Richard Poore, 1217; Robert Bingham, 1229; William of York, 1247; Giles de Bridport, 1257; Walter de la Wyle, 1263; Robert de Wykehampton, 1274; Walter Scammel, 1284; Henry de Braundeston, 1287; WilUam de la Corner, 1289; Nicholas Longespee, 1292; Simon of Ghent, 1297; Roger de Mortival, 1315; Robert Wyville, 1330; Ralph Erghum, 1375; John Waltham, 1388; Richard Mitford, 1395; Nicholas Bubwith, 1407; Robert Hallam, 1408; John Chandler, 1417; Robert Neville, 1427; William Ayscough, 1438; Richard Beauchamp, 1450; Lionel Woodville, 1482; Thomas Langton, 1485; John Blythe, 1494; Henry Deane, 1499; Edmund Audley, 1502; Lorenzo Campegio, 1524. In 1534 Cardinal Campegio was deprived of the temporalities and Nicholas Shaxton was schismatically intruded into the seer. On Campegio's death, Peter Peto (after- wards cardinal) was nominated but never consecrated. Under Mary, the schismatical bishop, John Capon (or Salcot) was reconciled and held the see till XIII.— 26

his death in 1557. Peto was again nominated, but did not take possession, and Francis Mallet was named, but ejected by Elizabeth before consecration. The cathedral was dedicated to Our Lady.

Brixton, Hist, and Antiquities of Salisbury (London, 1814); DoDswoRTH, Historical Account of the See and Cathedral Church of Sarum (London, 1814); Cass, Lives of the Bishops of Sher- borne and Salisbury (Salisbury, 1824) ; Phillipps, Institutiones clericorum in comitatu WiUonice (n. p., 1825); Rock, Church of Our Fathers (London, 1849-53); Scott, Salisbury Cathedral: position of high altar (London, 1876) ; Jones, Fasti Ecclesice Sarisburiensis (Salisbury, 1879-81); Idem, Salisbury in Dio- cesan Histories (London, 1880) ; Idem, Charters and documents illustrating the history of the Cathedral, etc., of Salisbury in R. S. (London, 1891) ; White, Salisbury: the Cathedral and See (London, 1896) ; Wordsworth, Ceremonies and processions of Cathedral Church of Salisbury (London, 1901).

Edwin Burton.

Saliva Indians, the principal of a small group of tribes constituting a distinct linguistic stock (the Salivan), centring in the eighteenth century, about and below the junction of the Meta and Orinoco, in Venezuela, but believed to have come from farther up the Orinoco, about the confluence of the Guaviare in Colombian territory. They were of kindly and sociable disposition, and especially given to music, but followed the common barbarous practice of killing the aged and feeble. They disinterred the bones of the dead after a year, burned them, and mixed the ashes with their drinking water. In their ceremonies they blew upon the batuto, or great clay trumpet common to the tribes of the region. A grammar of their language was composed by the Jesuit Father Anisson. In 1669 the Jesuit Fathers Monteverde and Castan established the first mission in the tribe, under the name of Nuestra Senora de los Salibas, Ijut both dying within a year the Indiana again dispersed to the forest. In 1671 other Jesuit missions were established in the same general region, at Carichana, Sinamco and San Lorenzo, together with a small garrison of twelve soldiers at the first- named station, but were all destroyed by two succes- sive invasions of the savage Carib from below in 1684 and 1693. In these two attacks four priests lost their lives, together with the captain of the garrison, his two sons, and others. Forty years later the mis- sions were restored, the principal one, of the Sahva, being estabhshed in 1734 at Carichana on the Orinoco, just below the junction of the Meta. Its founder was Father Manuel Roman, superior of the Jesuit missions of the Orinoco, and discoverer of the Casiquiare con- nexion with the Amazon. The tribe numbered at that time about 4000 souls, only a small part resided at the mission. It was visited and described by Humboldt in 1800. Another Sahva mission, San Miguel de Macuco, on the Meta, had at one time 900 souls. On the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767-68 the Orinoco missions were placed in charge of Franciscan fathers, but fell into decline. The revolutionary war and the withdrawal of help from the Spanish Government com- pleted their ruin. The mission property was seized, the Indians scattered, and the tribe is now virtually extinct.

Brinton, American Race (New York, 1891); Gim, Saggio di Storia Americana, IV (Rome, 1784); Gumilla, £i Orinoco Ilus- trado y Defendido (Madrid, 1745, 1882); HervAs, Catdlogo de las Lenguas, I (Madrid, 1800) ; Humboldt, Travels in the Equatorial Regions of America, ed. Bohn (3 vols., London, 1881); Rivero. Historia de las Misiones de Casanare, etc. (1735, 1883) ; Tavera- Acosta, Anales de Guayana, I (Ciudad-Bolivar, 1905).

James Mooney.

Salmanticenses and Complutenses. — These

names designate the authors of the courses of Scholas- tic philosophy and theology, and of moral theology published b^ the lecturers of the philosophical col- lege of the Discalced Carmelites at Alcald, de Henares, and of the theological college at Salamanca. Al- though primarily intended for the instruction of the younger members of the order, these colleges, being incorporated in the Universities of Alcald {Complu- . turn). and Salamanca, opened their lecture rooms also