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SALIMBENE

John's Church, which was opened in 1848 and which Bubsequently became the cathedral for the diocese. Dr. Sharpies died 16 Aug., 1850, and the first Bishop of Salford in the restored hierarchy was Rt. Rev. WilUam Turner (1790-1S72). He was succeeded in 1872 by the Rt. Rev. Herbert Vaughan (1832-1903), whose episcopate was remarkable for its energj', or- ganizing abihty and initiation of works to meet the rapid growth and development of the diocese. On his transference to Westminster in 1892, the Rt. Rev. John Bilsborrow (1S36-1903) was consecrated third bishop. The Rt. Rev. Louis Charles Casartelh, D.D., M.A., Litt.Or.D., the fourth bishop, was born in 1S52, and ordained priest in 1876. He was closely asso- ciated with Cardinal Vaughan in the foundation of St. Bede's College, Manchester, in 1876, and was rector of it when he was nominated bishop in 1903. Bishop Casartelli is widely knowTi as a WTiter on Oriental subjects, was a professor at Louvain, and has always been verj- active in the theologico-literarj^ field. The "Rt. Rev. John S. Vaughan, D.D., Bishop of Sebastopolis, was elected auxiliarj^ bishop in 1909.

Population. — The Cathohc population is estimated at about 300,000, and this is largely a growth of the latter half of the nineteenth century. Although Cathohc memories and traditions lingered in Lan- cashire long after the Reformation, in 1690 only two Catholics were enrolled on the Manchester Poll Book. Ten years later, thirteen Catholic families, according to the returns of the Bishop of Chester, existed in the parish of Manchester with its area of sixtj' square miles. In 1775 the number of Catholic baptisms in Manchester was thirty-two, whilst the congregation of St. Chad's Cathohc Chapel, which had been opened in 1774, was estimated at 500. A survey made for the statistical society of the various Sunday schools in Manchester and Salford in 1836 returned the number of Catholic schools as ten, with an attendance of 4295 scholars. Similar small beginnings were witnessed in the Blackburn Hundred. In 1793 there is record of twenty-six Catholic bap- tisms for Blackburn. The number of Catholics in the town in 1804 was estimated at 745, and in 1819 the number had increased to 1200 for the town and (hstrict.

Missions and Priests. — At the present time there are in the diocese 138 pubUc churches and chapels, 48 convents and private chapels, and 10 chapels of institutions in which Mass is said. The secular clergj' number 235, and in addition there are 86 regu- lars bflonging to the Benedictines, Friars Minor, Dominicans, Premonstratensians, Jesuits, Missionary Fathers of St. Jo.seph, and the Congregation of the Divine Pastor.

Education. — A chain of efficierit Catholic elemen- tary schools links up the compulsory secular instruc- tion with the Cathohc religious teaching given in them. 55,000 children are on the rolls of the 140 Catholic schools, with their 263 departments and a teaching stafif of 1591 Cathohc teachers. A training college for residential female teachers, conducted by the Order of the Faithful Companions of Jesus, adds to the completeness of the organization for ele- mentary education. For secondary or higher educa- tion there are 18 schools and colleges. Stonyhurst, the great Jesuit college, is the succes.sor of the College al St. Omer, which was founded by Father Robert Parsons, S.J., in 1592 and transferred to Lancashire on 29 Aug., 1794.

Works fjf Charity. — One of the great works of Car- dinal Vaughan during his Salford episcopate was the founding of the Catholic Protection and Rescue Society in July, 1886. The object was to protect and save the destitute Catholic child whose Faith was in danger. 6.569 boys and girls have passed through its homes during the years 1886-1911, and its annual expenditure exceeds £4000. .The "Har-

vest", a monthly publication, is its official organ. Orphanages for girls, institutions for the aged and poor under the Little Sisters of the Poor, night shel- ters for homeless girls under the Sisters of St. Vin- cent de Paul, the Sisters of St. Joseph in connexion with the Rescue Society, sisters who nurse the poor in their own homes, the Sisters of the Good Shep- herd who seek to reclaim the fallen, Nazareth House, industrial schools for boys under the Brothers of the Cliristian Schools, and Brothers of Mercy, and for gu-ls under the Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul; all these manifest an untiring activity in amehorating the lot of the poor, the forlorn and the sick.

The Catholic Federation and other Orgaiiizations. — Drastic educational legislation proposed by the government in 1906 and the imperative need for the organization of Catholic forces led to the formation of the Catholic Federation bj^ Bishop Casartelli in 1906. Its primary object is the defence of purely Catholic interests, in which equality of treatment for Catholic schools largely predominates. The official organ is the "Catholic Federationist", which was first issued in Jan., 1910, and is used by the bishop as a vehicle to convey his "message" on current questions.

Other societies are: a local branch of the Catholic Truth Society, the parent society of which was re- organized by Cardinal Vaughan when Bishop of Salford in 1884; the School of Social Science; the Society of St. Vincent de Paul; the Ladies of Charity; the Catholic Needlework Guild; the Catholic Boys' Brigade; the Cathohc Philharmonic Society; and the Catholic Women's League, with its notable offshoot "The Mothers' and Babes' Welcome".

Almanac for the Diocese of Salford (Salford, annually since 1877); Snead-Cox, Life of Cardinal Vaughan, vol. I (London, 1910) ; O'Dea, The Story of the Old Faith in Manchester (Man- chester, 1910); Gerard, Stonyhurst College, Centenary Record (Belfast, 1894); Gruggen and Keatinge, History of Stonyhurst College (London, 1901) ; Smith, Chronicles of Blackhurnshire (Nelson, 1910) ; Curley, The Catholic Hist, of Oldham (Oldham, 1911).

W. O'Dea.

Salimbene degli Adami (Ognibene), chronicler, b. at Parma, 9 Oct., 1221; d. probably at Monte- falcone about 1288. He was a member of a distin- guished family and about 1238 entered the Franciscan Order. For a time he led a very troubled and wan- dering life, as his father sought to withdraw him from the order by violence. At a later date he was for a long while in the monasteries at Florence, Parma, Ravenna, Rcggio, and Montefalcone. He came into close connexion with many scholars of his age, and was also acquainted with Pope Innocent IV and the Emperor Frederick II. Besides various treatises that have been lost he wrote, towards the end of his life, a chronicle covering the years 1167- 1287. This chronicle was first edited in the "Monu- menta historica ad provincias Parmensem et Placen- tinensem pertinentia". III (Parma, 1857), but the part i.ssued only covered the years 1212-87. The first part of the chronicle, covering the years 1167- 1212, was edited by L. Cl^dat in his work "De fratre Salimbene et de eius chronica; auctoritate" (Paris, 1878). A fine and complete edition was edited by Holder-Egger in "Mon. Germ. Hist.: Scriptores', XXXII (Hanover, 1906). Besides a poor Italian translation by Cantarelli there is an incomplete one in English try Coulton with the title "From Francis to Dante" (London, 1906). The chronicle is one of the most useful sources of the thirteenth century for the polit ical history of that time and is also an animated picture of the era; it is of especial impor- tance for the history of the internal disputes in the Franciscan Order. The writer it is true is a very impulsive and easily influenced man, is swayed by the prophecies of Joachim of I'iore, is inclined to be a partisan, especially against the secular clergy, yet