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 SALAMIS

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SALAMIS

principles Alfonso the Wise had put into practice in Salamanca, he drew from the "Leyes de Partida", commenced in 1256 and terminated in 1263. Rash- dall calls this "a sort of educational code — the first of its kind in modern Europe". In the time of Sancho the Brave the studies dechned because the salaries of the professors were not paid. Finally, J'erdinand IV, authorized by Boniface VIII, assigned for this pur- pose the tertia ecclesiarum, aud from this date, 7 Aug- ust, 1300, the university entered upon a new era of prosperity.

Classes were once more discontinued from 1306 to 1313, when Clement V commanded the tertia to be used in restoring the churches. In 1313 a third of the tertia was once more devoted to paying the pro- fessors of law, civil and canon, medicine, logic, gram- mar, and music. In 1355 the minorite friar, Didaco Lupi, taught theology in Salamanca; but this branch, which in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was to draw the eyes of the entire world to Salamanca, did

Court

not flourish then; until IJtnictlict Xlll introduced it in 1416, and Martin V ro-established it in 1422. This pope gave the university its definitive constitution, and numbered it among the four greatest in the world. In 1401 the bishop, Diego de Anaya Maldonado, founded the first college for poor students, which was called the College of San Bartolom6 and later the Old College. This and the colleges of Cuenca, Oviedo, and Fonseca were called colegios mayores, larger col- leges. Afterwards a great number of colegios mcnores, smaller colleges, secular, regular, and of the four mili- tary orders were founded. The Liberals suppressed the colegios mnyores under the pretext of their deca- dence but without substituting anything better, or even equally good, to help the poor students. Fol- lowing this the colegioa ineiwrcs were also closed. The laws of 1845 swept aside the lust remaining vestige of these ancient establisliments for university training, secularizing them and i)lacing them under the control of the Liberal Government. The number of students at Salamanca in 1584 reached 6778; in 1822 it amounted to only 412, and later it dropped even lower. In the catalogue of its professors figure the names of some celebrated women, such as Dona Bea- triz Galindo and Dona Alvara de Alava.

Chac6n, Historia de la Unicersidad de Salamanca (1369) in El Semenario Erudito, XVIII (Madrid, 1789); de la Fuente, Hist, de las Univ. (Madrid, 1899); Denifle, Die Enlslehung der Univ. (Berlin, 1885) ; Rashdall, The Universities of Europe, II (Oxford, 1895).

Ram6n Ruiz Amado.

Salamis, a titular see in Cyprus. Salamis was a maritime town on the eastern coast of Cyprus, situ- ated at the end of a fertile plain between two moun- tains, near the River Pediseus. It was already an important centre in the sixth century b.c. Its founda- tion is attributed to Teucer, son of Telamon, King of

the Island of Salamis, opposite Attica; others believe it to be of Phoenician origin and derive its name from the Semitic selom, peace. Its fine harbour, its loca- tion, and fortifications made it the chief city of the island. In the sixth century b. c. it had kings, allies of the princes of Cyrene; one of them, Gorgus, refused to join in the Ionian revolt, and was expelled by his brother, who took command of the troops of Salamis and the other cities; the battle was fought before Salamis, which fell again into the power of Gorgus. It was besieged by Anexicrates, the successor of Cimon. After the Peace of Antacidas, the Persians had to fight for ten years against the valiant king Evagoras, whose panegyric was composed by Isoc- rates. It was at Salamis in 306 b. c. that the greatest naval battle of antiquity was fought, Demetrius I, Poliorcetes, defeating the Grajco-Egyptian fleet of Ptolemy I. In 295 b. c. Salamis passed under the sway of the kings of Egypt, and in 58 b. c. under that of Rome, at which time it possessed all the eastern portion of the island. When St. Paul landed at Salamis with Barnabas and John, surnamed Mark, returning from Seleucia, there were several synagogues, and it was there he began the conversion of the island (Acts, xiii, 5). Salamis was destroyed by earthquakes, and was rebuilt by Constantius II (337-61), who called it Constant ia. It was destroyed by the Arabs in 647 or 648. Its unimportant ruins are near the village of H agios Sergios, a little north of Famagusta. After its destruction the inhabitants and clergy betook them- selves to Famagusta, which became and for a long time remained the residence of the archbishops. At present they reside at Nicosia. In the article on Cyi)rus (q. v.) are mentioned the principal bi.shops of Salamis or Constantia; the list of these prelates ia given in Le Quien, "Oriens christianus", II, 1043 seq., and more fully in Hackett, "A History of the Ortho- dox Church of Cyprus" (London, 1901), 651.

Smith, Did. of Creek and Roman Geog.; Engel, Kypros, eine Monographie, I (Berlin, 1841), 89; Di Cesnola, Cypern (Lon- don, 1877); Idem, Salaminia (2nd ed., London, 1884); von LOher, Cypern (Stuttgart, 1878) ; Pillion in Vigodroux, Did. de la Bible, a. v. Salamine

S. P^TRIofes.

Salamis, Epiphanius of, b. at Besanduk, near Eleutheropolis, in Judea, after 310; d. in 403. While very young he followed the monastic life in Egypt. On his return to Judea he founded a monastery at Besanduk and was ordained to the priesthood. In 367 his reputation for asceticism and learning brought about his nomination as Bishop of Constantia (Salamis), the metropolis of the Island of Cyprus. For nearly forty years he fulfilled the duties of the episcopate, but his activity extended far beyond his island. His zeal for the monastic life, ecclesiastical learning, and orthodoxy gave him extraordinary authority; hence the numerous occasions on which his advice was sought, and his intervention in im- portant ecclesiastical affairs. He went to Antioch, probably in 376, to investigate Apollinarianism and to intervene in the schism which divided that Church. He decided in favour of Bishop Paulinus, who was supported by Rome, against Meletius, who was sup- ported by the episcopate of the East. In 382 he assisted at the Council of Rome to uphold the cause of Paulinus of Antioch. About 394, carried away by an apparently excessive zeal, he went to Jerusalem to oppose the supposed Origenism of the bishop, John. In 402 he was at Constantinople to combat the same pretended heresy of St. John Chrysostom. He died on his return journey to Cyprus.

It was at the instance of his correspondents that Epiphanius compiled his works. The earliest (374) is the "Ancoratus", or "The Well- Anchored", i. e. the Christian firmly fixed against the agitations of error. The Trinity and the dogma of the Resurrec- tion are particularly, treated by the author, who argues