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 SALAMANCA

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SALAMANCA

none but roval personages were permitted to be buried in this main chapel; here he Mafalda, daughter of \lfonso VIII, Fernando Alfonso, natural son of Alfonso IX of Leon, Bishop Sancho of Castile, grand- son of Pedro, and his successor, Juan de \ivero. The cloister of the old cathedral was Romanesque, but in 17S0 Jer6nimo Quinones rebuilt it in Renais- sance style. Most remarkable of its four chapels is that of St. Bartholomew, founded by Diego de Anaya, Bishop of Salamanca until 1480, and then Archbishop of Seville, and founder of the famous Colegio de San Bartolome. There are also the chapels of Talavera, which was consecrated to the ^lozara- bic Rite in 1510 and in which Rodrigo Arias Maldo- nado de Talavera is buried, and that of St. Barbara, founded in 13S4 bv Bishop Juan Lucero.

The new cathedral was founded by the Catholic monarchs, who in 1491 sought to build one at Seville, but the idea was not carried into effect until 150S, when Fernando was at Salamanca. This new edifice was erected side by side with the old, leaving the latter intact. Its architects, Anton Egas and Alfonso Rodriguez, had built churches at Toledo and Seville; Juan GU de Hontanon was master of the works. The building was begun in 1513, in the episcopate of Francisco de Bobadilla. Divine worship was held in it in 1560, and it was completed on 10 August, 1733. The tower, set on fire by lightning in 1705, was rebuilt bv the celebrated Jose Churriguera, who made it a monument of the style (Churrigueresque) to which he gave his name. In the chapel at the centre of the rood screen are remains of Bishop Jer6nimo, transferred from the old basilica in 1744, and the venerated "Christ of the Battles". In two large silver vessels within the high altar, the relics of St. John of Sahagun and St. Thomas of Villanova are preser^'ed. Besides the cathedrals, a sumptuous church worthv of especial mention is that of the Do- minican convent of San Esteban, occupied by the Do- minicans since 1256, where, it is said, Christopher Columbus was entertained in 1484 and where he found in Frav Diego de Deza one of his most ardent protectors. The church was rebuilt in the sixteenth centurv% the first stone was laid on 30 June, 1524, and the work was completed in 1610. The founder of this convent was the Salamancan Fray Juan de Toledo, of the House of Alva, Bishop of Cordoba, and cardinal; here, too, is buried the famous Duke of Alva with his wife Maria Enriquez de Toledo. Another beautiful church is that of the Jesuits, founded by King Phihp III and his consort Mar- garet of Austria in 1614. The college was converted into an ecclesiastical seminary by Bishop Beltrdn in 1779, was made a pontifical university, and is now under the care of Jesuits. In former times there were numerous hospitals at Salamanca, but in 1851 it was agreed to combine them all into one, under the care of the Brothers of St. John of God, and dedicated to the Trinity. The library of the university and province, containing more than 100,000 volumes, is a remarkable one. ^

FixiKEz, Enp. SiMp-ada, XIV (2nd ed.. Madrid. 1780) ; Ccad- KADO. Esv: «"* monumenlos (Barcelona, 1884); Lafuente, Hxst. de Eip. (Madrid, 1861).

Ram6n Ruiz Am ado.

Umversity of Salamanca. — This university had it« beginning in the Cathedral School under the direc- tion, from the twelfth century, of a niagisler Hcholarum (chancellor). From this episcopal origin, probably in 1230, Bjjrang the royal foundation of Alfonso IX of Leon, who "with salutary discretion summoned the

dured. On 6 April, 1243, in letters patent, the saintly king took under his protection the professors, stu- dents, and their property, granting them an ecclesias- tical tribunal for the settlement of their disputes. Alfonso X the Wise continued the work of his father. In his time began that period of unrivalled prosperity for the university, which for so many centuries made it "the glory of Spain" (Denifle). In Toledo on 8 May, 1254, the king granted the university the priv- ileges that are its Magna Carta, appointing curators, placing it under the authority of the bishop, exempt-

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ing it from the regular authorities, and assigning salaries for the professors. The professorship of law received 500 maravedis a year, canon law 300, gram- mar, logic, and medicine 200. Some have endeav- oured to trace an analogy between these privileges and those granted by Ferdinand I and II to the Uni- versities of Bologna and Naples. .

But the fundamental difference that characterized the Spanish university must not be overlooked, that, although a royal foundation, it was placed under the direction and control of the bishop, the dean, and the chancellor, who confcTnnl the at^ademic titles in the cathedral. The titles were given until 1830 in the name of the \w\n^ and king. Doctrinal and c-cclosias- tical profc'sson-^liips did not, however, contrary to Stein's view, prcilominate in the university (Denifle). Departm(!nts of medicine and jurisprudence were also established, and preference was given to the law, es- T)(!cially canon law. By jxt it ion of the king, 6 April, 1255, Al(!xander IV con(irm((l the courses at Sala- manca, "because in the multituch; of the wise is the* security of kingdoms, and their governments are mam-

most experiencx'd masters of sacred letters and estab- tained not less by the advice of the prudent, than by lished schools" (Lucas de Tuy) ; which, however, does the energy and bravery of the strong . J.ater le ae-

'uy) . not signify, as Ra.slidall infers, that they taught the- ology. Alfonw) IX grant<!d them the privileges al- luded to later by St. Ferdinand, who was in reality the founder, the foundation of his father not having en-

creed that any accepted teacher in any branch whatso- ever at Salamanca could teach his subject, in any other university, with the except ion of Paris and Bologna, a limitation which John XXII instituted in 1333. The