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Catholic chapels in the city. The cure of souls is un- der the care of 6 parish priests and administrators, and 15 vicars and chaplains; there are also 2 military chaplains for Cathohc soldiers. The orders settled in the city are the Dominicans, Assumptionists, b- lates, Franciscans, and the Sisters of St. Joseph. Be- sides the clerical educational institutions there is a Catholic pymniisium for boys and one for girls, and a higher school for boys. Catholic religious instruction is given in 30 pubhc intermediate schools for boys, 11 mihtary schools, and 28 schools for girls. According to the year-book of the Archdiocese of Mohileff the number of CathoUcs is 87,500.

St. Petersburg, published bv the city government in Russian (St. Petersburg, 1903); SrwoRix, Gam Petersburg (St. Peters- burg, 1906), in Russian; Bacmgartner, Durch Skandinavien nach Sankt Petersburg (3rd ed., Freiburg, 1901); Badeker, St. Petersburg (Leipzig, 1904); Zabel, St. Petersburg (Leipzig, 190.5), in the compilation Beruhmte Kunslstatlen; Aminoff, St. Petersburg (Stockholm, 1910); DE Haenen and Dobson, St. Petersburg Painted and Described (London, 1910). Concerning the Catholic Church in St. Petersburg see Theiner, Die neuesten Zustande der katholischen Kirche beider Ritus in Polen u. Russland (Aug.sijurg, 1841); ToLfiTOi, Le cathoHcisme romain en Russie (Paris. 1863); Literw secreUr Jesuitarum (St. Petersburg, 1904); Encyclopedia Koscielna, XIX, s. v.; Godlewski, Monumenta ecelesiastica petropolitana. III (St. Petersburg, 1906-09); Elenchus omnium ecclesiarum, etc., archidiacesis Mohyloviensis (St. Peters- burg, 1910); various articles in periodicals, especially in Echos d'Orient, Bessarione, and Revue catholique des eglises.

Joseph Lins.

Saint-Pierre. See Martinique, Diocese of.

Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, Prefecture Apos- TOLif OF flx.srLARUM S. Petri et Miqueloxexsis), compri.ses the only French possession in North Amer- ica, a group of islands situated 48° 46 N. lat., and 58° 30 W. long. (Paris standard), having an area of 177 square miles. Geologically and geographically connect e(l with Newfoundland, it was once likewise so historically. Known to the earliest Breton and Basque fishermen, this group already bore its present name when Jacques Cartier identified it in 1535. The first settlement dates from 1604. In 1689 Bishop St-\'allier visited it from Placentia, bless?d a chapel, and left a priest in charge. The Recollects sent to Pla- centia (1691) attended this mi-ssion. The islands were successively ceded to England (Treaty of Utre(ht, 1712j, restored to France (Treaty of Paris, 1763), thrice captured by the English (1778, 1793, and 1808). and thrice retroceded to France (Treaties of Versailles, 1783, of Amiens, 1802, and of Ghent, 1814). Many Acadians fled thither after the dis- persion of Grand Pre (1755) and the fall of Louis- lx)urg (1757). The first missionaries who came after the Treaty of Paris were the Jesuits Bonnccamp and Ardilliers, with dubious jurisdiction from the Bi.shop of La Rochelle (1765). The islands now separated from the jurisdiction of Quebec were erected by Propa- ganda into a prefecture Apostolic, and formed the first miasion confided by Rome to the Seminar>' of the Holy Ghost. MM. Girard, prefect, and de Manach, who sailed the same year, were driven by a storm to Martinique. They were replaced (1766) by MM. Becquet and Paradis, likewi.se of the Holy C.hosi Sem- inary, or Spiritains, as well as several fjf thf following. In 1775 the prefect, M. Panwlis, with his cf)nii)anion and 300 families were expelled by the English. M. de Ivongueville succeeded him in 1788. In 1792 M. Allain, vice-prefect, and his cf)mpanion, M. Le .lam- tel, were forced by the French Revolution to leave for the Magdalen Islands, with a number of Acadians who, remaining faithful to the King f)f France, refused to take the oath of the Con.stitution. The former in- habitants returning in 1816, M. OUivier, who accom- panied them, applied for jtirsidiction to the Bi.shop of Quebec. He was appointed vice-prefect in 1820. His successors, with the same title, were MM. Chariot (1841), I^ Helloco (1854), Le Tournoux (1864), Ti- beri (1893); the two last named belonged to the newly-restored Congregation of the Holy Ghost.

The present titular is Mgr Christophe-Louis Lc- gasse, b. at Bassussary, France, 1859, appointed in 1898, prelate of His Holiness in 1899. His chief work was the erection of the cathedral of St-Pierre, his resi- dential town. The population, almost exclusively Catholic, varies from 40(K) in winter to 8000 in sum- mer, owing to the presence of the fishing crews. They are all Bretons, Normans, and Basques. Besides the six resident missionary priests, the fishermen, on the great banks, are visited every month by a chaplain on board a hospital ship which also distributes their mail. There are 7 churches or chapels, 4 stations, 6 schools, those for boys managed until 1903 by 16 Brothers of Ploermel (Christian Instruction); 37 Sis- ters of St. Joseph of Chiny (teaching and nursing) were subsidized by the Government until 1903. A cla.ssical college opened bj^ the Holy Ghost Fathers in 1873 wa.s closed in 1892.

Roy, Une epave de 176.S in Le Journal de Quebec (1888); Goa- 8ELIN, Mgr de St-Vallier (Evreux, 1898); Archives of Propaganda, of the archbishopric (Quebec), of the Semimiry of the Holy Ghost, of La Marine (Paris).

Lionel Lindsay. Saints, Intercession and Veneration of. See

Intercession.

Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvkoy, Due de, b. 16 January, 1675; d. in Paris, 2 March, 1755. Having quitted the military service in 1702, he lived there- after at the Court, becoming the friend of the Dues de Chevreuse and de Beauvilliers, who, with Fenelon, were interested in the education of the Duke of Bur- gundy, grandson of Loui.s XIV. At the death of Louis XI\', he was named a memberof the coun- cil of regency of the voung king, Louis XV,andinl721w;is sent as ambassadnr to Madrid. \Vh' of the reign of Louis XIV they are an ex- tremely precious document. The edition with com- mentary by Boislisle, and of which twenty-two vol- umes have already appeared (1911), is an incomparable monument of learning. Saint-Simon aired his hatreds, which were bitter ancl numerous; he was an adversary of equality, which he described as "leprosy"; he dreamt of a kind of chamber of dukes and peers which wouhl control and paralyze royal despotism, and allow the States-General to assemble every five years to present the humble remonstrances of the people.

Whatever the historical value of the "Memoirs" may be, they are, by their sparkling wit, one of the most original monuments of French literature; and the "ParallMe des trois premiers rois Bourbons", written by Saint-Simon in 1746, the year in which he finished the record of the reign of Louis XIV, is an admirable piece of histor>'. On all religious questions he shouKl be read with great precaution. Very hostile to the Jesuits, and favourable to the Jansenists. he contributed greatly to the creation of legends con- cerning personages such as Mme de Maintenon and Michel Le Tellier. These legends had a long exis- tence. The reproach, historically false, of having in-

Louis de Rouvroy, Due de Saint-Simon