Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 13.djvu/415

 SAINT PAUL

SAINT PETER

was continued as a college; and its growth has been the four aisles and naves. In 1823 a fire, started BO marvellous, that during the past year it enrolled through the negligence of a workman who was repair- nearly 700 students. The seminary was transferred, ing the lead of the roof, resulted in the destruction of in Sept., 1894, to new quarters, the St. Paul Seminary, the basilica. Alone of all the churches of Rome, it built and endowed by the munificence of St. Paul's had preserved its primitive character for one thou- sand four hundred and thirty-five years. The whole

great citizen, James J. Hill. In the year of its open- ing it numbered about 60 students, and last year it had on its list 165 seminarians, representing 19 dio- ceses in the United States. In 1905 the St. Paul Catholic Historical Society was organized with head- quarters in the seminary. The following events illustrate the growth of the Diocese and the Province of St. Paul within recent years. On 2 June, 1907, the comer-stone was laid for the new cathedral of St. Paul; and a year afterwards, 31 May, 1908, a similar ceremony was performed with reference to the new pro-cathedral of Minneapolis. The chapel of the Seminary of St. Paul witnessed, 19 May 1910, a scene extremely rare, if not unique, in the annals of ec- clesiastical history. Six bishops received on that day their consecration, all six destined for service in the one Province of St. Paul. The present condition of the diocese may best be gauged from the following statistics: archbishop, 1; bish- op, 1; diocesan priests, 275; priests of religious orders, 40; churches with resident priests, 188; missions with churches, 62; chapels, 17; theological semi- nary, 1; college, 1; commercial schools,

Christian Brothers, 2; number of pupils in parochial schools, 21,492; boarding-schools and academies for girls, 7; orphan asylums, 3; hospitals, 3; homes for the aged poor, 2; house of the Good Shepherd,!.

The Metropolitan, or Ameriran Chtholic Almanac; The Official Catholic Directory (Bahimore, New York, Milwaukee): Shea, The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church in the United States (New York, 1886); Reuss, Biographical Cyclopedia of the Catholic Hierarchy of the United States (Milwaukee, 1898); Hoffmann, St. John's Unirer- sUy (Collegeville, 1907); Acta et Dicta (St. Paul. 1907-11); Upham, Minnesota in Three Centuries, I (St. Paul, 1908); Folwell, Minnesota, the North Star State (Boston and New York, UIOS); Williams, A History of the City of St. Paul (St. Paul, 1876).

Francis J. Schaefer.

Facade, Church of St. Paul-without-the-Walls, Rome

orld contributed to its restoration. The Khedive of Egypt sent pillars of alabaster, the Emperor of Russia the precious malachite and lapis lazuli of the tabernacle. The work on the principal fa<^ade, look- ing toward the Tiber, was completed by the Italian Government, which declared the church a national monument. The interior of the walls of the nave are adorned with scenes from the life of St. Paul in two series of mosaics (Gagliardi, Podesti, Balbi, etc.). The graceful cloister of the monastery was erected be- tween 1220 and 1241. The sacristy contains a fine statue of Boniface IX. In the time of Gregory the Great there were two monasteries near the basilica: St. Aris- tus's for men and St. Stefano's for wo- men. Services were carried out by a special body of clerics instituted by Pope Simplicius. In the course of time the monasteries and the clergy of the basil- ica declined; St. Gregory II restored the former and en- trusted the monks with the care of the basilica. The popes continued their gen- erosity toward the monastery; the basil- ica was again injured during the Saracen invasions in the ninth

century. In consequence of this John VlII fortified the basilica, the monastery, and the dwellings of the peasantry, forming the town of Joannispolis, which was still remembered in the thirteenth century. In 937, when St. Odo of Cluny came to Rome, Alberico II, patrician of Rome, entrusted the monastery and basilica to his congregation and Odo placed Balduino of Monte Ca.ssino in charge. Gregory VII was abbot of the monastery and in his time Pantaleone of Amalfi pre- sented the bronze gates of the basihca, which were exe- cuted by Constantinopolitan artists. Martin V en- trusted it to the monks of the Congregation of Monte Cassino. It was then made an abbey nullius. The Saint Paul-without-the-Walls {San Paolo fuori jurisdiction of the abbot extended over the districts of

le mura), an abbey nuliius. As early as 200 the burial place of the great Apostle in the Via Ostia was marked by a cella memoriw, near which the Catacomb of Com- modilla was established. Constantine, according to the "Liber Pontificalis ", transformed it into a basilica; in 386 Theodosius began the erection of a much larger and more beautiful basilica, but the work in- cluding the mosaics was not completed till the pontifi- cate of St. Leo the Great. The Christian poet, Pru- dentius, describes the splendours of the monument in a few, but expressive lines. As it was dedicated also to Saints Taurinus and Herculanus, martyrs of Ostia in the fifth century, it was called the basilica trium DominoTum. Of the ancient basilica there remain only the interior portion of the ap.se with the tri- umphal arch and the mosaics of the latter; the mo- saics of the apse and the tabernacle of the confession of Arnolfo del Cambio belong to the thirteenth cen- tury. In the old basilica each pope had his portrait in a frieze extending above the columns separating XIII.— 24

Civitella San Paolo, Leprignano, and Nazzano, all of which formed parishes; the parish of San Paolo in Rome, however, is under the jurisdiction of the cardi- nal vicar.

.\RMELLiNi, Le chiese di Roma (Rome, 1891); Nicolai, Delia basilica di S. Paolo (Rome, 1815).

U. Benigni.

Saint Peter, Basilica of. — Topography. — The present Church of St. Peter stands upon the site where at the beginning of the first century the gardens of Agrippina lay. Her son, Caius Caligula, built a cir- cus there, in the spina of which he erected the cele- brated obelisk without hieroglyphics which was l^rought from Hehopolis and now stands in the Pi- azza di S. Pietro. The Emperor Nero was especially fond of this circus and arranged many spectacles in it, among which the martyrdoms of the Christians (Tacitus, "Annal.", XV, 44) obtained a dreadful no- toriety. The exact spot in the circus of the crucifix- ion of St. Peter was preserved by tradition through-