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 SAINT LUCIUS

365

SAINT OMER

Saint Lucius (Luzi), Monastery of, Chur, Swit- zerland. The Church of St. Lucius was built over the grave of this saint, whose rehcs were preserved in it until the sixteenth century. Originally the church was the cathedral. St. Valentinian enlarged it in the first half of the sixth century and built the crypt which is still in existence. In the ninth century a new cathedral was built by Bishop Tello in a former Roman fortress and St. Luzi was temporarily a brajich of the Benedictine Abbey of Pfafer. About 1140 it became a Premonstratensian abbey. At the time of the schism of the sixteenth century Theodore Schlegel, Abbot of St. Luzi, was especially energetic and skilful in defending the Catholic Faith. He was executed by the Protestants after terrible torture on 23 January, 1529. The monks were driven out and the monastery remained empty for a hundred years, the relics of St. Lucius being taken to the cathedral. Community life was continued at Bendern in Liech- tenstein. In 1624 the monastery was restored and continued to exist until the beginning of the nine- teenth century. By the decision of the Imperial Dele- gates at Ratisbon the possessions of the monastery in Liechtenstein and Vorarlberg were given in 1802 to the Prince of Orange. Coasequently the monastery had no further means of existence. In 1806, there- fore, th(abbot and community transferred the mon- astery and all its rights to the episcopal seminary; this transfer was confirmed in the same year by Pius VII. The seminary was transferred to the former monaster}-, where it still exists; it has four courses of theology and seven professors.

Mayer, Si. Luzi bei Chur (Einsiedeln, 1907).

J. G. Mayer.

Saint Malo, Ancient See of. See Ronnes,

Diocese of.

Saint Mark, University of. — The highest insti- tution of learning in Peru, located at Lima, under the official name of Universidad Mayor de San Marcos. It is reputed as being the oldest university in the New World, having been created by a royal decree of 12 May, 1551, wherein Charles V granted 350 gold dollars to the priors of the Dominican order to establish in Lima an E.iiudio General, and conferred upon it all the prerogatives enjoyed by the University of Salamanca. This decree was confirmed by a Bull of Pope Pius V, dated 25 July, 1571. Until 30 Dec. of the same j'ear, the school remained under the control of the Dominican fathers, when it became independent with the right to choose its own rector. The first one elected was Dr. Caspar de Meneses, a layman. In 1574, after a new site had been purchased at a cost of 600 gold dollars, the name Saint Mark was chosen by lot for the institution. Thenceforward, the university ac- quired a greater importance, and two years later a new plan of studies, adequate to the times, was adopted, with the following classes: two of Spanish grammar; one of native languages, which were then considered necessary for the propagation of the Gos- pel; three of theology; three of jurisprudence; two of canon law, and two of medicine. The number of students who came to Lima to follow the courses of the university increased rapidly and at one time reached 1200. As the cost of graduation was exceed- ingly high (about .$10,000), instruction in Saint Mark, as in other colonial universities of the times, was con- fined to the aristocratic and wealthy classes, among which there prevailed an intense fondness for literary pursuits. These fees have been gradually reduced and the total now amounts to .50 soles (.S25) for the degree of Bachelor, and 100 ($50) for that of Doctor.

The popularity of the in.stitution continued until the time when Peru became independent (1825) and then followed a short period of inactivity, after which the university was reorganized by President Ramon Cas- tilla (28 Aug., 1861). From the year of its autonomy,

the university has been directed by a council composed of the rector as its chairman, a vice-rector, the dean and a delegate from each faculty, and the secretary of the University. The rector is elected by the pro- fes.sors with the approval and consent of the council, and each faculty chooses its own dean, regulates its course of studies, and issues its respective degrees. As at present constituted. Saint Mark consists of six faculties. Jurisprudence confers the degree of Doctor of Laws, with a course of five years com- prising the following subjects: philosophy of law, civil law, criminal law, ecclesiastical law, mercantile law, mining and agricultural laws, law procedure, Roman law, and forensic practice. Medicine grants the diploma of Bachelor of Medicine in five years, and the title of "physician and surgeon" after two additional years of hospital practice, the subjects covered being descriptive anatomy, medical physics, public, private and international hygiene, medical and analytical chemistry, natural and medical history, general anatomy and microscopic technique, phar- macy, physiology, pathology, clinics, bacteriology, therapeutics, materia medica, surgery, nosography, ophthalmology, operative medicine, gynaecology, pediatrics, obstetrics, legal medicine, etc. ; this same faculty issues the titles of pharmacist, dentist, and obstetrician, with courses of studies covering three years. In theology the degree of Doctor is obtained after a six years' course in the subje(ts of dogmatic theology, moral theology, church history, liturgy and ecclesiastical calculation, sacred oratory, the Bible, and pa.storal theology. The faculty of sciences is divided into three separate sections: (1) mathematical sciences, (2) physics, and (3) natural sciences, the course in each of which comprises a period of three years. Before admission to the faculty of medicine, students are required to pass two years in natural sci(!nces, and likewise, those desiring to enter the school of engineers (independent of the university) must have studied mathematics two years. The fac- ulty of letters confers the degree of Doctor, its course covering four years with these subjects: philosophy, history of ancient and modern philo.sophy, a>sthetics and history of art, Spanish literature, sociology, his- tory of civilization, history of Peruvian civilization, and pedagogy; two years in this faculty are required for admission to that of jurisprudence. The faculty of administrative and political economy confers the degree of Doctor, and its course of three years includes the following studies: constitutional law; public and private international law, administrative law, politi- cal economy and economical legislation of Peru; mari- time law, diplomacy, history of the treaties of Peru, consular legislation, finance, financial legislation of Peru, and statistics. The official organ of the univer- sity is the "Revista Universitaria", a monthly publi- cation, which has since 1906 replaced the "Anales". At the present time the number of professors of the University of Saint Mark is 80.

Garland, Peru in 1906 (Lima, 1907), 111; Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Education (Washington, 1908), 151; Wright The Old and New Peru (Philadelphia, 1908).

Julian Moreno-Lacalle.

Saint-Omer. See Arras, Diocese of.

Saint Omer, College of.— The well-known Jesuit college at St. Omer — oftener spoken of under the anglicized form of St. Omers or St. Omer's — was founded by Father Parsons in 1592 or 1593. All Catholic education having been prohibited in Eng- land, several colleges had been founded by English- men on the Continent — at Douai, Rome, and Valla- dolid; their primary object was the education of the clergy. Father Parsons recognized the need of a college intended in the first instance for the laity, and for this purpose he chose a spot as near as possible to England. St. Omer was twenty-four miles from Calais, in the Province of Artois, then subject to