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SAINT GALL

the Abnaki, largely Catholic in reUgion through the efforts of the Jesuit missionaries. The Algonquin, Montagnais, and Micmac of Canada as well as the Nipmuc and others of southern New England were also largely represented, but from the final prepon- derance of the Abnaki their language became that of the mission. In 1700 the mission was removed to its present situation. After the destruction of Nor- ridgewock and the death of Father Sebastian Rasle at the hands of the New England men in 1724, the ma- jority of the Abnaki removed to Canada and set- tled at 8aint Francis, which became thenceforth a centre of Indian hostility against New England. In 1759 a strong New England force under Major Rogers surprised and destroyed the settlement, including the mission church and records, killing 200 Indians. It was soon rebuilt and still exists as one of the old- est mission settlements of Canada. In the war of the Revolution anil again in the war of 1812, a num- ber of the men fought on the British side. Among the Jesuit workers at St. Francis the most distin- guished name is that of the venerable Father Joseph Aubery, in charge from 1709 until his death in 1755, who before coming to the mission had served ten years with the Micmac of Nova Scotia. Having mastered the Abnaki language he wrote much in it, his most important contribution being a manuscript French-Abnaki dictionary, which is still preserved in the archives of the mission. Owing to the former mi- gratory habit of the Indians the i)0|)ulatin of the mis- sion varied greatly at different p(>rio(ls, but is esti- mated to-day (1911 J at approximately three hundred souls, all of mixed blood, and more French than Indian in characteristic, although they still retain their old language in their homes. Their chief industry ia basket-making, which furnishes a comfortable income. (See also Penobscot Indians; Missions, Catholic Indian, of the United States. — New England.)

Jesuit Relations, ed. Thwaiteb (73 vols., Cleveland, 1896- 1901), particularly Abnaki, Lower Canada, Quebec; Annual Re- ports of Dept. of Ind. Affairs, Ottawa (Canada); Mal'rault, Hist, des Abenakis (Quebec, 1S6G) ; Shea. Catholic Afis.tions (New York, 1855); PlLLiNO, Biblioyraphi/ of the Alyonquian Languages (Bur. Amer. Ethnology, Washington, 1891).

James M coney.

See Gall, Abbey of

Saint Gall, Abbey of. Saint.

Saint Gall, Diocese of (Sangallensis), a Swiss bi.shopric directly subject to the Holy See. It in- cludes the Canton of St. Call and, as a temporary ar- rangement, the two iialf-cantons of Appenzell (3uter Rhodes and Appcnz<>ll Inner Rhodes. In 1910 its statistics were : 9 di>aneries, each directed by a dean; 117 parishes; 116 additional cures of .souls; 12S Catho- lic teachers; 233 secular priests; 46 regular priests; about 169,000 Catholics; and a non-Cat hohc popula- tion of 152,000. The bishop is elected by the cathe- dral chapter within three months after the see falls vacant. According to the concordat of the Canton of St. Gall with the Holy See, he must be a secular priest of the diocese and must be approved by the Catholic collegium of the cantonal great council. The bishop has a cathedral chajjter of five resident and eight hon- orary canons, with a cathedral dean as its head. The resident canons have charge of the cathedral services and the care of the cathedral parish, in which they are aided by 3 coadjutors and 3 vicars. Besides the chapter there is also a vicar-general. For the training of the clergy there is a seminary for priests at St. Gall which, however, is limited to the actual practical sem- inary course of a six months' term. As a rule the students of theology attend for their academic train- ing the theological faculties of the Universities of Innsbruck and Fribourg in Switzerland. The male orders are represented in the diocese only by 4 Ca- puchin monasteries. The female orders in the dio- cese are: 1 house of Benedictine nuns; 2 of Cistercian

nuns; 2 of Dominican nuns; 8 of Franciscan nuns; 1 of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd; 2 of the School Sis- ters of the Holy Cross; 1 of Premonstratensian nuns; 1 of the Italian Missionary Sisters of St. Francis; and numerous houses of Sisters of Charity of the Holy Cro.ss (Ingenbohl Sisters). The most noted church of the diocese is the cathedral, the church of the for- mer Benedictine abbey (see above). Among other places of pilgrimage are: the Wildkirchlein, on the Santis; the little monastery of Notkersegg, near St. Gall; the parish church at Kirchberg, in the District of Toggenburg; and Dreibrunnen, near Wil. Catholic associations are highly developed; a Catholic con- gress is held annually in the dioce-se. There arc 12 Catholic newspapers, of which the "Ostschweiz", pub- lished at St. Gall, is the most important.

History. — The Abbots of St. Gall had exercised nearly all the rights of episcopal jurisdiction within

The Cathedral, St. Gi

their territory. After the suppression of the ancient abbey there was evident need of a reorganization of ecclesiastical affairs, which had sunk into a deplorable decay, and the plan was proposed to replace the ab- bey by a Diocese of St. Gall. At that era a part of the present territory of the dioces(> belonged ecclesias- tically to the Diocese of Chur, anrl another part to the Diocese of Constance. In 1S15 tlic Swiss part of the Diocese of Constance was seijaratcd from Constance by Pope Piu.s VII, and placed under the provisional administration of Provost Goldin of Beromiinster, in the Canton of Lucern. On the death of (he provost in 1819 this district fell to the Dioc(>se of Chur. The arrangement, however, was only intended to be a temi)orary one. After long negotiations the desired Diocese of St. Gall was established in 1823, but it was connected by personal union with the Dioc(>se of Chur. However, the abbey church of St. Gall that was raised to a cathedral received a separate cathedral chapter, a separate vicar-general, and an independent seminary. The bishop also was obliged to live alter- natvely at Chur and at St. Gall. This double diocese satisfied neither the inhabitants of the Orisons nor tho.se of St. Gall. The former wanted their bi.shop for themselves; the latter feared that the Bishop of Chur might regard St. Gall merely as an appendage