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 SAINTE-CLAIRE DEVILLE

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SAINTE-CLAIRE DEVILLE

informed, inserted the name of Columbus as the discoverer of America. But it was too late; the name of America had been already- firmly established. The principal pilgrimages of the diocese are: Notre-Dame dc St-Die, at St-Die, at the place where St. Die erected his first sanctuary; Notre-Dame du Tresor, at Remiremont; Notre-Dame de Consola- tion, at Epinal; Notre-Dame de la Brosse, at Bains; Notre-Dame de Bermont, near Domremy, the sanc- tuary at which Joan of Arc prayed; and the tomb of St. Peter Fourrier at Mattaincourt. There were in the diocese before the application of the Law of

CCSMOCRPFHAE

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Nuc y^o Sc hf partes funt latius Iuflrat*/& aba quana pars per Amcricu Vcfputiucvt in fcquentl bas audicrjr )inucntacfl.'quar,oii video cur quis iurc voter ab Amcrico inucntorc faoacis ingcni) vi Artlcri. ro Amcngcnquafi Amcrici tcTa/fmc Ammcam c« diccn J^iCiJ &.' Europa Sc Afia a mulicnbiis fua for

lira fint nomma.Eius fitu Si genus mores cxbis hi nis Amend nauigariombusqux fequuntUquidc intcUigtdacur.

Hunc in modu terra iam quadripirtiia cognC' fcicet funt ires prime partes Cj>tincntes/quana ell infula:ciiomniqtJaqjmancircud3taconrpiciat.Et licet marc vnu fit qacadmodiiet ipfatellus/multis tamcnfjmbusdifbriiflum / dC junumeris rtplgtum Prifcia infulisvanaGbirioiaalTumitiqujetin Cofmogrik my phiae tabubs cofpiauiu/&: PnCciaiius in tralacione Dionifr) talibus enumcrat verTibus. Circuit Occanj gurgcs tamen vndic^ vaftu j Qui Cpuii vnus fit plun'ma nomina fumit, FinjLus Hefpcnis Aihlanticus ille vocatur At Borcj qua gena fiirit Amiiafpa Tub armis Dial ille pigrr nccno Satur.idc Mortuus <fl alijs;

Kedlced Facsimile Page of the Cosmographi.e

Introductio, Printed in 1.507

The second paragraph advocates the adoption of America as the

name of the New World

1901 against the congregations: Canons of Lateran; Clerks Regular of Our Saviour; Eudistes; Fran- CLScans; feathers of the Holy Ghost and the Holy Heart of Mary; various teaching orders of brothers. Among the congregations of nuns founded in the diocese may be mentioncfl, h)esides the Sisters of Providence, the Sfi-urs du Pauvre Enfant J^sus (also known as the So-urs de la bienfaisance chrdtienne), teachers and hospitallers, founded in 18.54 at Char- moy rC)rgueilleux; the mother-hou.se was transferred to Remiremont. At the close of the nineteenth cen- tury the religious congregations in the diocese di- rected: 7 creches; .55 day nurseries; 1 orphanage for boys and girls; 19 girls' orphanages; 13 workshops; 1 house of refuge; 4 houses for the assistance of the poor; 36 hospitals or hospices; 1 1 houses of nuns de- voted to the care of the sick in their own homes; and 1 insane asylutn. The Dioce.se of St-Di(i had, in 190.5 fat the time of the rupture of the Concordat), 421,104 inhabitants; 32 parishes; 3.54 succursal parishes; and 49 vicariates, supporterl by the Stat(!. GaUia chrul. nova, XIII (1785), 1004-7, i:i77-8.3, 1407-19; Martin, HUl. rlet dxoctiiKii de Toul. de Nancy el de fil-Iiii (.1 voU., Nancy, lWX)-.3j; Dideixjt, RemiTemont, leu minln, le chapUre, la retohitum (Nanry. 1888); L'Hote, /xi vie deit minln, bienheureuz, tinirahUii et aulref pieux perHonruigKii du dinrine de St-Dit (2 vols., St-Di/-, 1897); Gai.i>oih. Americ Ve^pure ej Us giographea de St-Dii in BuU. de la Soc. de Oiogr. de I'Ent (1»00).

Georges Goyac.

Sainte-Claire Deville, Ch.\rles, geologist, b. at St. Thomas, West Indies, 26 February, 1S14; d. in Paris, 10 October, 1876. Going to Paris at an early age, he entered the Ecole des Mines and studied there. His first work in the scientific field included a series of explorations in the Antilles, in which he gave special attention to seismic and volcanic phenomena. He returned in 18.55, and three years later visited Vesu- vius and Stromboli in pursuit of his volcanic studies. He evolved the theory that volcanic eruptions are due to the entrance of sea water into the fissures of the earth's crust; coming in contact with hot rocks, it produces the explosive and eruptive manifestations. This was confirmed in his mind by the fact that so many volcanoes are near the sea-coast. In 1857 he became a member of the Academic des Sciences of Paris. He was an assistant to Elie de Beaumont in the College de France, and succeeded him as pro- fessor in 1875. Previous to this (in 1872) he had been made Inspector General of the Meteorological Service. He established a chain of meteorologic stations through France and Algiers, and was first president of the observatory in Mountsouris, one of this chain. He replaced Dufremy in the Academic des Sciences. He also did much work in chemistry, notably in the analysis of minerals and also in molecular physics. Since 1862 he had been an officer of the Legion of Honour. His works, including papers and notes in "Comptes Rendus" and in the "Annalesde Chimie", are very numerous ; the most important are the follow- ing: "Etudes geologiques sur les lies de Ten6rifTe et de Fogo" (1840), not completed; "Voyage gcologique aux Antilles et aux Jles de TenerifTe et de Fogo" (1847); "Lettres^ M. Eliede Baumont sur 1 'Eruption du Vesuve"; "Comptes Rendus d I'Acadcmie des Sciences" (1855); "Eruptions actuelles du volcan de Stromboli"; "Recherches sur les principaux ph6nom- ^nes de meteorologie et de physique terrestre aux Antilles" (1861).

PoGGENDORFF, Biograph. literar. HandwSrterbuch, III (1898), 2; Vapereau, Did. univ. des contemporains, V (1st ed.); Kneller, Das Christentum u. die Vertreter der neueren Natur- wissenschaften (Freiburg, 1904), tr. Kettle (St. Louis, 1911).

T. O'CoNOR Sloane.

Sainte-Claire Deville, Henri-Etienne, chem- ist, b. at St. Thomas, West Indies, 11 March, 1818; d. at Boidogne, 1 .luly, ISSl ; brother of the preceding. Finishing his classical studies in Paris, he built himself a laboratory there and worked for eight years with- out teachers or students. He acquired much fame by his work, and in 1844 the government entrusted him with the organization of the faculty of sciences of Besan^on. He was profes.sor and dean there from 1845 to 1851. In 1851 he was called to Paris as mmtre des conferences in the Ecole Normale Superieure, replacing Balard. In 1853 he replaced Dumas in the Sorbonne and succeeded him as pro- fessor in 1859. In 1861 he was made a member of the Academy of Sciences. His work in mineral chemistry entitles him to be considered one of the great chemists of the second half of the nineteenth century. He discovered the phenomenon of dis.so- ciation, his first notir)n of this going back to 1857. He discovered nitrogen pent oxide, the anhydride of nitric acid. Woehier, the great German chemist, had discovered aluminum in 1827. Deville worked on the metallurgy of the metal, and devised a means of preparing it by dcicomposing aluminium sodium chlo- ride with metallic sodium. This was the first com- mercial process of producing the metal, which was for some time almost a curiosity, but whose uses are now bo extensive. Napoleon III was greatly in- terested in the new metal, the "silver of clay". De- bray was associated with him in his work; and it is in- teresting to see how, aft(!r f)ver fifty-six years, the metal has been introduced on a large scale into mechanical use. In the technical fieltj he worked