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 SAINT AUGUSTINE

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SAINT BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY

Godfrey, was driven away by poverty and the hos- tility of the Welsh. A return made in the middle of the thirteenth century (British Museum, Cotton MSS. Vitellius, c. x.) shows the existence of eight rural deaneries, seventy-nine churches, and nineteen chapels. By 1291 the deaneries had been doubled in number and there were Cistercian houses at Basingwerk, Abcrconway, Strata Marcella, and Valle Crucis, and a Cistercian nunnery at Llanllugan. The cathedral, which had been burnt in the wars, was rebuilt and completed in 1295. It was a plain massive structure of simple plan, and was again destroyed during the "Wars of the Roses. WTien it was restored by Bishop Redman the palace was not rebuilt and thus the bishops continued to be non- resident. At the end of the fifteenth century there was a great revival of church building, as is evidenced by the churches of that date still existing in the diocese. The chief shrines in the diocese were St. Winefred's Well, St. Garmon in Yale, St. Dervel Gadarn in Edeiniion, St. Monacclla at Pennant, and the Holy Cross in Strata Marcella. All these were demolished at the Reformation. At that time the diocese contained one archdeaconry, sixteen deaneries, and one hundred and twenty-one parishes.

The names and succession of the bishops after Sts. Kentigcrn and Asaph are not known until 1143. For five hundred j^ears the; only names we meet with are Tysilio (about (iOO), Renchidus (about 800), Ccbur (about 928), and Melanus (about 1070). From 1143 the succession is as follows: Gilbert (1143); Geoffrey of Monmouth (1152); Richard (1154); Godfrey (1158); Adam (1175); John I (1183); Rej-ner (118G); Abraham (1225); Hugh (1235); Howel ap Ednyfed (1240); Anian I (1249); John II (1267); Anian II (1268); Llewelyn ap Yn\T (Leolinus de Bromfield), 1293; Davydd ap lileddyn (1314); John Trevor I (13.52); Llewelyn ap Madoc (1357); William de Spridlington (1376); Lawrence Child (1382); Alexander Bache (1390); John Trevor II (1395); Robert de Lancaster (1411); John Lowe (1433); Reginald Pecock (1444); Thomas Knight (1450); Richard Redman (1471); Michael Diacon (1495); Davydd ap lorwerth (1500); Davydd ap Owen (1503); Edmund Birkhead (1513); Henry Standish (1518); see held by schismatics (1535-55); Thomas Goldwell (1555), who died at Rome 13 April, 1585, not only the last Catholic Bishop of St. Asaph's, but the last survivor of the ancient hier- archy. The bishop had five episcopal residences, four of which were alienated by the schismatical bishop under Edward VI. The cathedral was ded- icated to St. Asaph and the arms of the see were sable, two keys in saltire argent.

Thomas, History of St. Asaph, diocesan, cathedral and parochial (London, 1874); Idem, St. Asaph in Diocesan Histories (Lon- don, 1888) ; Walcott, Memorials of St. Asaph (London, 1805) ; Willis, Survey of St. Asaph (2 vols., Wrexham, 1801) ; Wharton, Historia de episcopis et decanis Londinencibus necnon Assavensibus (London, 169.3). EdWIN BuRTON.

Saint Augustine, Abbey of. — A Benedictine mon- astery, originally dedicated to Sts. Peter and Paul, founded in 605 outside of the City of Canterbury, on the site of the earlier Church of St. Pan eras given by King Ethelbert to St. Augustine in 597. It was subsequently enlarged, and in 978 St. Dunstan, then Archbishop of Canterbury, dedicated it anew to St. Peter, St. Paul, and St. Augustine, since which time it has always been known by the name of the latter saint whose body lay enshrined in the crypt of the abbey church. In spite of its proximity to the neighbouring cathedral priory of Christ Church, the abbey precincts covered much ground and the mon- astery was of considerable importance for many cen- turies. At the dissolution in 1538 the act of surrender was signed by the abbot and thirty monks, who were rewarded with pensions. The abbey itself was ap-

propriated by Henry VIII as a royal palace, but since that time the greater part of the buildings have been allowed gradually to fall to ruin. In 1844 the re- mains of the abbey were sold at public auction and on the site was erected a college for missionaries of the Church of England. The revenues of the abbey at the time of its suppression were £1684.

Tan.ver, Notitia Monastica (London, 1744); Dugdale, Mo- nasticon Anglicanum (London, 1817-30) ; Customary of St Augus- tine's Abbey (ed. Thompson), XXIII, Henry Bradshaw Society's publications (London, 1902).

G. Cypriax Alston. Saint Augustine, Diocese of. See Florida.

Saint Bartholomew's Day.— This massacre of which Protestants were the victims occurred in Paris on 24 August, 1572 (the feast of St. Bartholomew), and in the provinces of France during the ensuing weeks, and it has been the subject of knotty historical disputes. The first point argued was whether or not the massacre had been premeditated by the French Court, Sismondi, Sir James Mackintosh, and Henri Bordier maintaining that it had, and Ranke, Henri Martin, Henry White, Loiseleur, H. de la Ferriere, and the Abbe Vacandard, that it had not. The second question debated was the extent to which the court of Rome was responsible for this outrage. At present only a few over-zealous Protestant historians claim that the Holy See was the accomplice of the French Court: this view implies their belief in the premedita- tion! of the massacre, which is now denied by the majority of historians. For the satisfactory solution of the question it is necessary to distinguish carefully between the attempted murder of Coligny on 22 August and his assassination on the night of 23-24 August, and the general massacre of Protestants.

The idea of a summary execution of the Protestant leaders, which would be the means of putting an end to the civil discord that had caused three "religious wars" in France in 1562-1563, 1567-1568, and 1569- 1570 respectively, had long existed in the mind of Catherine de' Medici, widow of Henry II and mother of the three successive kings, Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III; it had also been entertained by her sons. As early as 1560 Michaelis Suriano, the Vene- tian ambassador, wrote: "Francis II (1559-1560) wanted to fall upon the Protestant leaders, punish thern without mercy and thus extinguish the confla- gration. " When, in 1565, Catherine de' Medici with her son Charles IX (1560-1574) and her daughters Margaret of Valois and Elizabeth, wife of Philip II, investigated the political and religious questions of the hour at the conferences of Bayonne, the Duke of Alba, who was present on these occasions, wrote to Philip II : " A way to be rid of the five, or at most six, who arc at the head of the faction and direct it, would be to seize their persons and cut off their heads or at least to con- fine them where it would be impossible for them to re- new their criminal plots." Just at that time Alava on his side confided to the same Spanish king this dark forecast, "I foresee that these heretics will be com- pletely wiped out". In 1569 Catholics and Protes- tants were in arms one against the other, and the Vene- tian ambassador, Giovanni Carrero, remarked: "It is the common opinion that, in the beginning it would have sufficed to do away with five or six heads and no more". This same year Parliament promised a re- ward of 50,000 ecus to whoever would apprehend the Admiral de Coligny (1517-72), leader of the Calvin- ist party, the king adding that this sum would be awarded to him who would deliver up the admiral either ahve or dead Maurevel tried to overtake the admiral for the purpose of killing him but instead only assassinated one of his lieutenants. Thus we see that the idea of a summary execution of the leaders of Protestantism was in the air from 1560 to 1570; more- over, it was conformable to the doctrine of political murder as it flourished during the sixteenth century