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 SAINT ANDREWS

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SAINT ANDREWS

bishopric, and its cathedral into the metropoUtan church for the whole of Scotland. Twelve sees were assigned to St. Andrews as its suffragans, those of Glasgow, Dunkeld, Aberdeen, Moray, Brechin, Dunblane, Ross, Caithness, Orkney, Argyll, the Isles, and Galloway. The last-named bishopric had hitherto been subject to York, while those of Orkney, Argyll, and the Isles had continued to form part of the Province of Trondhjem in Norway. Pope Six- tus announced the new creation in letters addressed to James III and to the Scottish bishops, and he also conferred on the primate the office of Apostolic nuncio. The new metropolitan see, however, pre- serv^ed its unique position for barely twenty years.

Scotland was unanimous in demanding — through its king, its chancellor, and its bishops — that the ancient See of Glasgow should be similarly honoured ; and in 1492 Innocent VIII erected it also into an archbishopric and separate province, with Dunkeld, Dunblane, Galloway, and Argyll as suffragans. In 1496 James IV procured the nomination to St. Andrews first of his brother, the Duke of Ross, and, after his death (by an abuse too com- mon in those times), of his own natural son, Alexander Stuart, a boy of six- teen. The youthful archbishop fell at Flodden in 1513, fighting by his fa- ther's side. He was followed successively by Archbishops For- man, James and David (Cardinal) Beaton, and Hamil- ton. At the period immediately preced- ing the Reformation and the spoliation of the ancient Church, the ecclesiastical

jurisdiction of the primate included two archdeaconries, nine rural deaneries, the patronage of 131 benefices, and the administration of 245 parishes. Archbishop Hamilton (q. v.) was hanged at Stirling (in his pontifical vestments) on 5 April, 1571; and though the few remaining members of his cathedral chapter duly elected Robert Hay as his successor, he was never consecrated, and the See of St. Andrews remained vacant for three hundred and seven years.

For nearly a century the scattered Catholics of the former archdiocese were under the jurisdiction of the English prefects and vicars ApostoHc; but in 1653 a prefect of the Scottish Mission (WiUiam Ballan- tyne) was appointed by the Holy See. Forty years later the first vicar Apostolic for Scotland (Bishop Nicholson) was consecrated in Paris. The country was divided into two vicariates in 1726, a Highland and a Lowland, and just a hundred years later Leo XII added a third, the Eastern, including the whole of the former Archdiocese of St. Andrews. At length, on 4 March, 1878, the regular hierarchy was restored by Leo XIII.

The Catholic Diocese of St. Andrews and Edin- burgh, as defined in the Apostolic Letter "Ex Supremo Apostolatus Apice" of 4 March, 1878, comprises the counties of Edinburgh, Berwick, Fife (southern part), Haddington, Linlithgow, Peebles, Roxburgh, Selkirk, and (practically) Stirlingshire. The entire population of this portion of Scotland, according to the latest census, amounts to nearly 870,000, and the number of Catholics is estimated at 63,000, or about seven per cent of the whole. The number of churches, chapels, and stations at the beginning of 1911 was

87, and of missions 51, served by 89 priests, including 77 secular priests, eight Jesuits, and four Oblates of Mary Immaculate. The last-named order has one house in the diocese, and the Society of Jesus two. The religious orders of women in the diocese comprise Ursulines of the Incarnation (whose convent, founded in Edinburgh in 1835, was the first established in Scotland since the Reformation); Sisters of Mercy (two houses); Little Sisters of the Poor; Sisters of the Immaculate Conception; Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent of Paul (four houses); Sisters of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary; Poor Clares; Helpers of the Holy Souls; Religious of Marie R^- paratrice; Sisters of Charity of St. Paul (two houses); Sisters of the Holy Cross; Dominicans; and Carme- htes. The Catholic institutions are, a children's refuge, industrial school and boys' orphanage, or- phanage for girls. House of Mercy for ser\-ants, home for working boys. Sacred Heart Home for penitents, dispensary and home for respectable girls, convales- cent home, and St. Vincent's Home for destitute children. The number of congregational day-schools is fifty, and the average attendance of cliildren at them between 10,000 and 11,000. The great majority of the Cath- olics of the diocese (certainly over 90 per cent) are of Irish origin and parent- age; of the remainder many are Italians (chiefly from Naples), Poles, and Lithua- nians, the latter en- gaged for the most part as miners. The Poles tend to become absorbed in the na- tive population, usu- ally discarding their Polish names. The material progress in the diocese, in the way of church building, has been noteworthy in recent years. In 1859 there was one church in the capital; half a century later there were eight ; and churches have recently been built in different parts of the diocese of considerable architec- tural merit, several of them being the finest ecclesias- tical edifices in their respective towns. The archi- episcopal residence is in Edinburgh, where is also the cathedral of the diocese. The grand old cathedral of St. Andrews was wrecked by the Protestant mob (Knox's "rascal multitude") in 1559; and though efforts were made by the Protestant Archbishop Spottiswoode and others to restore it, it became a total ruin. Nothing now remains of it but the south wall of the nave, a fragment of the beautiful west front, the eastern gable with its flanking turrets, portions of the transept and some of the pier ba.ses. The present archbishop is the Most Rev. James A. Smith, b. in Edinburgh, 1841, ordained in Rome, 1866, and consecrated Bishop of Dunkeld in 1890. He was translated to the See of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh in 1901. The last Protestant arch- bishop died in 1704; and the title remained unused until 1844, when it was revived by the episcopalian synod.

Refjistrum Prioratus S. Andrecc (Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh, 1841); Brady, Episcopal Succession in England, Scotland, and Ireland (Rome, 1876): l,YOS, History of St. Andrews (^dinhuTf^h, 181.3); FoRDUN, Scotichronicon (ed. Goodall, Edinburgh, 1759); Keith, Historical Catalogue of Scottish Bishops (Edinburgh, 1824) ; Theiner, Annates Ecclesiastici (Rome, 1856); Mackenzie- Walcott, The Ancient Church of Scotland (London, 1874); hASG, St. Andrews (London, 1893); Bellesheim, Hist, of the Catholic Church of Scotland (4 vols., Edinburgh, 1887-90).

D. O. Hunter-Blaik.

St. Andrews, XIV Century