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SAINT ANDREWS

by the UOth degree of longitude; on the west by the Rocky Mountains; on the south by the Unitfcd States; and on the north by the 55th degree of latitude. At the time of its erection, the total popu- lation of the diocese was from 4000 to 5000 half-breeds, 10.000 to 12,000 Indians belonging to half a dozen tribes, and a few hundred white people, employees of the Hudson Bay Company. The evangelization of this new diocese was then entrusted to twelve Oblates of Mary Immaculate.

Five missions had been established, hundreds of miles apart. The first cathedral was a log-house and the bishop's palace a small frame building. Three schools and two orphan asylums were in charge of Sisters of Charity. The whole Catholic population numbered scarcely 10,000.

Though cut off from all means of communication with the civilized world, receiving but a yearly mail, deprived not only of all comfort, but even of the necessaries of life, obliged to travel long distances, camping outside for weeks and even months consecu- tively, in cold of 30 to 40 degrees, to spread the knowl- edge of divine Faith and establish here and there new centres of missions, the finst two bishops of St. Albert and their missionaries never despaired or lost faith in the future of their work. After several years of hard struggle a great change became apparent. In 1S74-75, the Canadian Government having es- tablished a few posts of movmted police in the diocese, new settlements were founded. Reservations for the Indians were established; churches, schools, and missions built. At the same time a considerable number of half-breeds from Manitoba settled in the eastern part of the diocese, where they soon formed new pari-shcs or missions. In 1S83-S4 the opening of the Canadian Pacific Railwaj' brought colonies of immigrants, and soon the work of the missions was much increased. In 1890 the Diocese of St. Albert was divided and the Vicariate Apostolic of Saskatchewan created, which in 1911 was erected as a diocese.

Since 1890 the development of the missionary work has been wonderful. An appeal was made in 1891 to the secular clergy to come and help the Oblates of Mar>' Immaculate who could no longer attend alone to so many stations, missions, and parishes, already erected or urgently needed. Several secular priests, an<l later several religious orders came to help in the work of e<hication and evangelization. The Catho- lic populatif)n of the diocese is now 55,000, of which about 15,000 are Greek Catholics. They are attended by 1 bishop; 98 regular priests; 20 secular priests; and 3.3 seminarists. There are: churches with resi- dent priests, 56; missions, 55; stations, 98; commu- nities of men, 9, of women, 15; boarding schools, 14; 1 industrial school for Indians; boarding schools for Indians, 8; primarj' schools, 60; hospitals, 11; hos- pices, 2; orphan asylums, 20. The great majority of the Cree Indians have been converted to the Catholic P'aith, and the Blackfect have; of late manifested bet- ter di.spfjsitions. French, English, German, and Polish- speaking Catholics have; parishes or missions of their own. Thou.sands of Galicians of the Greek Catholic Rite have started three flourishing missions attended by Basilian Fathers of th(! same rite. A community of nuns, belfjnging also to the Greek Catholic Church, has been foiinrled to take charge of their schools and charitable institutions.

The Diocese of St. Albert, after many years of al- most infiurmfnintable obstacles and difficulties, has become f)nf; of the most promising of Western Canada. It is crossed by the transcontinental lines of the Cana- dian Pacific, the Grand Trunk Pacific and Canmlian Northern Railways, anrl tf)wns and villages spring up almost c-very ten rniles. Irnrnigrants cr)ine flaily from all parts of the civilizerl world. Among them a fair proportion of Catholics take po8H(«sion of the Boil, settle on their homesteads, and new fields of mie-

sionary labour are incessantly opened to the zeal of the secular and regular clergy of St. Albert.

Antiuaire Pontif. Cath. (1911); Morice, History of the Catholic Church in Western Canada, I, II (Toronto, 1910).

H. Leduc.

Saint Andrews and Edinburgh (S. Andrew et Edinburgensis), Archdiocese of. — The exact date of the foundation of the See of St. Andrews is, like many others in the earliest historj^ of the Scottish Church, difficult, if not impossible, to fix. That there were bishops in the country now called Scot- land, and exercising jurisdiction in the district where the city of St. Andrews afterwards arose, as early as the eighth or ninth century, is practically certain. We may, however, take 90S, the year of the famous assembl}^ at the Moot hill of Scone, as that in which a Bishop of St. Andrews (Cellach) first appears in historj^, vowing, in association with the king (Con- stantine), to "protect the laws and discipline of the Faith, and the rights of the churches and of the Gospel". In the two most ancient and authentic hsts that have come down to us, those given by Wyntoun, Prior of Lochleven, and bj-^ Bower of Inch- colm in his "Scotichronicon", Cellach is called the first Bishop of St. Andrews. For two centuries the bishops bore Celtic names — Fothad, Maclbrigd, Maelduin, and the like. The death of Fothad II (1093) marks the close of the first period of the his- tory of the see, of which scanty records and still scantier material traces remain. The English influence on Scottish national fife, both ecclesiastical and civil, which followed the marriage of St. Margaret, great- niece of Edward the Confessor, to the King of Scots in 1069, had as one of its results the nomination of Turgot (Margaret's former confessor) to the See of St. An- drews. He was succeeded by Eadmer, a Benedictine monk of Canterbury; and Eadmer by Robert, a canon regular of St. Augustine, who founded at St. Andrews in 1144 the cathedral priory for canons of his own order. It was his successor Arnold who began, at the eastern end, the construction of the magnificent cathedral, the building of which occupied more than a century and a half. Meanwhile the bishops of St. Andrews, although they claimed and exercised (as their Celtic predecessors had done) the right of presiding at all assemblies of the Scottish clergy, had never been formally granted the ecclesiastical primacy: indeed in 1225 their position was seriously affected by a Bull of Honorius III, enjoining that future synods were to be presided over by one. of the bishops, styled the Conservator, to be elected by his brother prelates. This arrangement, which of course deprived the bishops of St. Andrews of their quasi- primatial jurisdiction, remained in force until the subsequent erection of the sec into an archbishopric.

It was William Lamberton,,the twenty-third bishop of the diocese, who had the honour of seeing the cathedral completed, and solemnly consecrated in presence of King Robert Bruce on 5 July, 1318. The building was 355 feet in length, and consisted of a nave of twelve bays with aLsles, north and south transepts, each of three bays, with eastern aisles, choir of five bays with aisles, and presbytery. Sixty years after the con.secration it was partly destroyed by fire, but was completely restored before 1440. Bishop Lamberton biiilt the beautiful chapter-house, which still exists, though roofless. Among Lamber- ton's most eminent successors were Henry Wardlaw, who founded the University of St. Andrews in 1411, James Kennedy, founder of St. Salvator's College, and Patrick Gruhani (Fvennerly's half-brother), who successfully resisted the claim revived by Arch- bishop Neville of York to have the supremacy of that see over the Scrottish C'hurch recognized in Rome. So successful wiis Graham's protest, tliat Sixtus IV finally decided the question by a Bull, 27 August, 1472, erecting the Sec of St. Andrews into an arch-