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 RUSADDIR

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RUSSELL

Rusaddir, a titular see of INIauritania Tingatana. Rusaddir is a Phoenician settlement whose name sig- nifies a loftv cape. This city is mentioned by Ptolemy (IV 1) and Pliny (V, IS) who call it "oppidum et portus", also bv Mela (I, 33), under the corrupted form Rusicada and bv the "Itinerarmm Antonini . During the Middle Ages it was the Berber city of Mlila; it is now known as Melilla. In 1497 it fell into the hands of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, and in 150o was returned to the Crown of Spain. Since then its history is a succession of famines and sieges of which the most renowned is that of 1774 and the most recent that of 1S93. In 1909 it was the seat of the warfare carried on between Spain and the Rif tribes. Melilla is, after Ccuta, the most important of the Spanish fortresses or presidios on the African coast. It has about 9000 inhabitants, and is built in the form of an amphitheatre on the east slope of a steep rock 1640 feet high, bounded by abrupt cliffs, whereon is the Fort of Rosario. A free port since ISSl, Melilla carries on an active commerce with the Rif. There is no record of any bishop of this see.

Smith Diet, of Greek and Roman geogr. s. v.; Muller, Notes on Ptolemy, cd. Didot, I, 5S3; Meaki.n, The Land of the Moor (London, 1901); Barr£, Melilla et les presides espagAols in Rerue franchise a^08). S. PETRinfes.

Rusicade, a titular see of Numidia. It is men- tioned bv Ptolemy (IV, 3), Mela (I, 33), PUny (V, 22) "Itinerarium Antonini", the "Tabula Peutingeru etc. Nothing is known of its history. Situated near the mouth of the Thapsus, it served as the commercial port of Cirta and exported grain to Rome. The port was called Stora or Ustura, where under Valentinian and Valens granaries were built whose ruins are still visible. The city was known as Colonia Veneria Rusicada. It was a total ruin when rebuilt by the French as Philippe ville. Philippevillc is the capital of the pro%'ince of the Department of Constantine (.\lgeria); it has 21,.5.50 inhabitants of whom 8200 are French, 5900 foreigners, mostly Italians and Maltese, 4.50 Jews, and 7000 Arabs. The ancient name survives in Ras Skidda, a point of the Djebel Addouna from which juts forth the great pier. The commerce is considerable. Ruins of a theatre, mu.seum. Christian sarcophagus, Christian inscrip- tion.s, and the remains of a basilica dedicated to Saint Digna may be found there. Six bishops of Rusicade are known: Verulus, present at the Council of Car- thage (2.5.5), perhaps the martyr in the martyrology, 21 February; Victor, condemned at the Council of Cirta (30.5j as a traitor or betrayer of the Scriptures; NaN-igius whose remains and epitaph have been re- covered in the church which he erected to Saint Digna in the fourth century; Faustinianus, present at the Conference of Carthage (411) with his Donatist rival, Junior; Quint ilianus (?) in 42.5; Eusebius, exiled by Huneric in 484.

Smith, Did. of Greek and Roman geogr., s. v.; MOller, Notes on Ptolemy, eA. Didot, I, 614; Touiotte, Geographie de I'Afrique chretienne: Xumidie (Ilennes and Paris, 1894), 25S-63.

S. P^TRIofes.

Ruspe, titular see of Byzacena in Africa, men- tioned only by Ptolemy (IV, 3) and the "Tabula" Peutinger. According to the first it was on the coast between Acholla (Kasr el Abiah) and Usilla (Henshir Inshilla); the "Tabula", or map of Peut- inger, states that it was six (doubtless twenty-six) miles from the Iatt<;r pla<;e. It is identified with the ruins called Kacnir Sia<l, seventeen miles from Acholla. Others believe it to be at Henshir Sbia, four miles west of Cape Kapouflia (north of the Gulf of CJabes, Tunisia), its name being preserved at Koudiat Rosfa near Ras el Ixjuza. It seems more i)robable that Koudiat Rospa is itself the ancient Ruspe, Vonr bishops of the see are known: Stephanus, exiled by King Huneric (484); St. Fulgcntius, con-

secrated in 508, died in 533; Felicianus, his com- panion in exile and successor, who assisted at the Council of Carthage (about 534); Julianus, who signed in 641 the Anti-Monothelite letter of the bish- ops of Byzancena to the Emperor Constantine.

Smith, Diet, of Greek and Roman geogr., a. v.; Muller, Notes on Ptolemy, ed. Didot, I, 622; Toulotte, Geographie de I'Afrique chrHienne: Byzackne et Tripolitaine (Montreuil, 1894), 164-6.

S. Petrid^s.

Russell, Charles, Baron Russell of Kil- LOWEN, b. at NewTy, Ireland, 10 November, 1832; d. in London, 10 August, 1900. He was the elder son of Arthur Russell of Killowen and Margaret Mullin of Belfast. The family was in moderate circum- stances, their ancestors having suffered much for the Faith in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Arthur Russoll having died in 1845, the care of his large family devolved upon their talented mother and their paternal uncle, the celebrated Dr. Russell of Maynooth. Having studied at the diocesan seminary, Belfast, at a private school in Newry, and St. Vin- cent's College, Castleknock, Dublin, Charles Russell entered the law offices of Mr. Denvir, Newry, in 1849, and of Mr. O'Rorke, Belfast, in 1852. Ad- mitted a solicitor in 1854, he practised in the county courts of Down and Antrim, and became at once the champion of the Catholics who had resisted organized attempts at proselytizing by Protestants in these counties. His success was so striking that his legal friends urged him to become a barrister in London, and in 1856 he entered at Lincoln's Inn. Having followed an extensive course bj^ close private study under the direction of Maine, Broom, and Birkbeck, he was called to the bar in 1859. His success on the northern circuit soon recalled him to London, where he became "Queen's Counsel" in 1872, and divided the mercantile business of the circuit with Lord Herschell. The increasing demand for his services may be judged by his fees which averaged $15,000 a year from 1862-72, $50,000 in the next decade, $80,000 in the third, and in 1893-4, his last year of practice, reached $150,000. His knowledge of law, business, and human character, a flexible and often passionate eloquence which derived its force from in- tense earnestness rather than oratorical device, marvellous dexterity in extracting the truth from witnesses, and a manifest honesty of purpose gave him a power over judge and jury which made him universally regarded as the first advocate of his age.

Though in his first years in London he had been weekly correspondent of the Dublin "Nation", an advanced Nationalist organ, he entered Parlia- ment as a Liberal being elected, after two defeats, member for Dundalk in 1880. He generally acted with the Nationalists on Irish, and always on Catho- lic, questions, and, when he visited the United States in 1883, bore a flattering introduction from Mr. Parnell. Elected member for South Hackney (lSS.5-94), he was appointed attorney-general by Mr. Gladstone in 1886, and again in 1892 on the return of the Liberals to power. He was a strenuous ad- vocate of Home Rule in Parliament and on public platforms, and was leading advocate for Mr. Parnell at the Parnell Commission trial in 1888. His cross- examination of the witnesses of the "Times", and especially his exi)osure of Pigott, the author of the "Times" forgeri(!s, made a favourable verdict in- evitable. His famous eight-day speech for the de- fence was his greatest forensic effort. In 189;i he represented Great Britain in the Behring Sea Arbi- tration, his speech against the United States' con- tentions lasting eleven days, and was knighted for his services. Made Lord of Appeal, 1894, he was raised to the p(?erage for life, taking his title from his native lownland of Killowen. In the same year he was ap- pointcfl Lord Chief Justice of England, the first Catholic to attain that office for centuries. lie won