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mania developed in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in consequence of the immigration of the Hungarians and Poles, and various Catholic dioceses were founded in the Middle Ages. However, the mass of the population was never won over to reunion v\-ith Rome, and the dioceses soon vanished. In 1211 Iving Andreas II presented to the Teutonic Order the land about Kronstadt in Transylvania, but he with- drew his donation in 1225 and entered into personal possession of the territory'. Numerous Hungarians and Germans had meanwhile settled in the plain of the DanulDC, then occupied mostly by the pagan Cumans, and the majority of the latter were won for Christianity. For these converted Cumans the Arch- bishop of Gran erected the "Diocese of the Cumans", which included not only the modern Rumania, but also Bessarabia and a portion of Transylvania. Theodorich, a Dominican, was the first occupant of the see, and fixed his seat at Milcov. In 1241, how- ever, the diocese was ravaged by the Tatars; the title alone was retained, being given to Hungarian vicars- general (even to ordinary' parish priests) until 1523. To replace this see a Catholic bishopric was established in 1246 at Severin, a tovm on the Danube near the Hungarian frontier which had been taken from the Bulgar-Rumanian Empire of the Asens by King Andreas II in 1230 and presented to the Knights of Malta in 1247. The first bishops, Gregory (about 1246) and another Gregory (about 1382), were actual bishops, but the remaining ten occupants of the see (mentioned until 1502) were merely titular bishops, who hved mostly in Hungarj'. A third Catholic diocese was founded at Sereth. \\Tien the Eastern emperor, John Pala?ologus the Elder, made his sub- mission to Rome in 1369, Latzco, the Rumanian Prince of Molda\-ia, followed his example, and asked Pope Urban V to erect a diocese at Sereth (1370). The first bishop was the Conventual, Nicholas Andrea Wassilo; he became Administrator of Halicz in 1373, and Bishop of Wihia in 1388. As the next two bishops were also coadjutors of Cracow, this see was reduced to the rank of a titular see. In consequence of the efforts for reunion of Urban V, who wished to restore the old Diocese of Milcov, another Catholic diocese was founded at Arges in 1381, and the Dominican Nicholas Antonii appointed its first incumbent. Of his sixteen successors, known until 1664, all lived out- side the diocese, the title of which they added to their other titles. A fifth diocese was founded at Baja, the oldest town in Moldav-ia. The names of seven bishops who lived before 1523 are known; in the six- teenth centurj' the population almost imanimously embraced Protestantism. The foundation of the Diocese of Bacau (1607), whose occupants resided in Poland, did as little to strenghten the Catholic Church.

As the bishops of these dioceses resided almost exclu.sively outside their sees, the ministration to the Cathohcs, whose number was never very great, was undertaken by the religious orders — especially the Franciscans and Dominicans, who founded many monasteries in the territory of the present Rumania. During the time of the Reformation most of the Catholics joined either the Greek schismatics or the Protestancs. The spiritual care of the few who re- mained faithful was undertaken by the Conventuals from C<jnstantinoplc; to these friars is due the main- t<^;nance of the Catholic faith in Rumania, and the erection of a church in Bukarest (1633). When, at the beginning of the sriventecnth century, an episcopal fiCii was rtstablished at Sofia, its first occupant, Petrus a Solis (1610;, was named Administrator Apostolic of Wallachia — an office alwj fulfilled by his successf^rs. The most famous of these a^lministrators was Petrus Deodatus Baksifh (1641-74; from 1642 archbishop), whose report f)f his canonical visitation is preserved in the .(Xjchives of the Propaganda. As most of the

bishops of Sofia were chosen from the Franciscan Observants, these friars gradually replaced the Con- ventuals as missionaries. In similar fashion the bishops of the Diocese of Marcianopolis (erected in 1643) were appointed administrators Apostolic for the Catholics of Molda^^a, and the bishops of Nicop- olis (1648) for the Catholics of Dobrudja. When, subsequently to 1715, the See of Sofia was left vacant, the administration of Wallachia was transferred to the Bishop of Nicopolis. During the plague of 1792-3 Bishop Paulus Dovanlia of Nicopolis (1777- 1804) transferred the seat of his diocese to the Fran- ciscan monaster}'' in Bukarest ; since then the bishops of Nicopolis have resided in Bukarest. or at Ciople in the neighbourhood. Dovanlia's successors have been chosen mostly from the Passionists, who came to Bukarest in 1781. The first was Francis Ferrari, who died of the plague in 1813. His successor, For- tunatus Ercolani (1815), became involved in a quarrel with his flock in consequence of his attitude towards the Franciscans, who had won the affection of the people, and was transferred to Civita Castellana in 1822. The next bishops were Josephus Molajoni (1822-47) and Angelo Parsi (1852-63); the latter built a new church and episcopal residence at Bukar- est and introduced the Brothers of the Christian Schools and religious orders of women into the coun- try. Parsi's successor, Joseph Pluym, became Patri- archal Vicar of Constantinople in 1869: The number of Catholics so greatly increased in the nineteenth century, owing mainly to immigration from Austria and Hungary, that a reorganization of the Catholic Church in Rumania became necessary. This was done in 1883: the territory of Rumania was separated ecclesiastically from the Diocese of Nicopolis, Bishop Ignatius Paoh (1870-85) was named Archbishop of Bukarest in 1883, and the exempt Diocese of Jassy simultaneously re-erected. (Concerning the further history and ecclesiastical statistics, see Bukarest and Jassy.)

Abt, Die katholische Kirche in Rumanien (Wiirzburg, 1879); Samuelson, Rumania, past and present (London, 1882) ; Rudow, Gesch. des rum&n. Schrifttums (Wernigerode, 1892^; de Mar- tonne, La Roumanie (Paris, 1900) ; Benger, tr. Keane, Rumania in 1900 (London, 1901); Netzhammer, Aus Rumdnien (Ein- siedeln, 1909) ; Sturdza, La terre el la race Roumaines depuis leurs origines jusgu'A nos jours (Paris, 1904); Onciul, Din Istoria Romanici (Bukarest, 1900); Bellessort, La Roumanie con- temporaine (Paris, 1907); Xenopol, Les Roumnins (Paris, 1909); FoBGA, Istoria biscricii RomAnesti (2 vols., Bukarest, 1905-09); Creanga, Grundbesetz verteilung u. Bauernfrage in RumUnien (3 vols., Leipzig, 1907-09); Le Pointe, La Roumaine moderne (Paris, 1910) ; Fischer, Die Kulturarbeit des Deutschtums in Rumanien (Hermannstadt, 1911).

Joseph Lins. Rumohr, Karl Friedrich, art historian, b. at Dresden, 1785; d. there, 1S43. He Ijecame a Catho- lic in 1804. He was blessed not only with worldly possessions, but also with a practically unquenchable thirst for knowledge, and especially with a keen sense of form and beauty, which fitted him for the critical treatment of art and social relations. Italy was frequently visited by him, and he was fond of varying life in the large cities with the stillness and loneliness of the country. Exercising a magnificent hospitality, he himself was in many places, despite his very irri- table temperament, a welcome guest — even with King William IV of Prussia and Cliristian VIII of Den- mark. In his "Italienische Forschungen" (3 vols., 1826-31), he treated in masterly fashion the Um- brian-Tuscan School of painting, and prepanid th(' way for a critical conception of art history in Italy. His residence in Italy also gav(! rise to interesting works on the rural condition of Central and Upper Italy. His "Drei Reisen nach Italic^n" appeared .as a special work. Ah the result of searching study he wrote "Hans Holbein der Jiingere in seinem Verhiiltnis zuni deutschen Formschnittwesen", "Zur Geschichtc^ und Theorie der Formschneidekunst", and "Ge- Bchichtc der koniglichcn Kupferstichsammlung zu