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RX7MANIA

ready existing. When the missions of GuajTa were endangered by the incursions of marauders from Brazil in search of slaves, Father Mazeta and he resolved to transport the Christian Indians, about 15,000 in num- ber, to the Reductions in Paraguay, partly by water with the the aid of seven hundred rafts and numberless canoes, and partly by land through the mazes of the primeval forest. The plan was successfully carried out in 1631 aftCT the suffering of incredible hardships and dangers. "This expedition ", says the Protestant von Ihering, "is one of the most extraordinary undertak- ings of this kind known in hi.story" [Globus, LX (1891), 179]. In 1637 Montoya on behalf of the governor, of the Bishop of Paraguay, and of the heads of the orders laid a complaint before Philip IV as to the Brazilian poUcy of sending marauding expeditions into the neighbouring regions. He obtained from the king important exemptions, privileges, and measures of protection for the Reductions (see Reductions op Paraguay). Soon after his return to America Mon- toya died in the odour of sanctity.

He was a fine scholar in the beautiful but difficult language of the Guaranl Indians, and has left works up)on it which were scarcely exceeded later. These standard works are: "Tesoro de la lengua guarani" (Madrid, 1639), a quarto of 407 pages; "Arte y vocabulario de la lengua guarani" (Madrid, 1640), a quarto of 234 pages; " Catecismo de la lengua guarani" (Madrid, 1648), a quarto of 336 pages. Mulhall calls Ruiz de Montoya's grammar and vocabulary "a lasting memorial of his industry and learning". The German linguist Von der Gabelentz regarded them as the very best sources for the study of the Guarani language, while Hervas declares that the clearness and comprehensive grasp of the rules to which Montoya traced back the complicated structure and pronunciation of Guarani are most extraordinary. All three works were repeatedly republished and re- vised. In 1876 Julius Platzmann, the distinguished German scholar in native American languages, issued at Leipzig an exact reprint of the first Madrid edition of this work "unique among the grammars and dic- tionaries of the American languages". A Latin version was e<litod by the German scholar Christ. Friedr. Seybold at Stuttgart in 1890-91. A collected edition of all Montoya's works was published at \'ienna under the supervision of the Vicomte de Porto Seguro in 1876. Of much importance as one of the oldest authorities for the history of the Reductions of Paraguay is Montoya's work, "Conquista espiritual hecha por los rcligiosos de la C. de J. en las provincial del Paraguay, Parand, Uruguay y Tape" (Madrid, 1639), in quarto; a new edition was issued at Bilbao in 1892. In addition to the works already mentioned Montoya wrote a number of ascetic treatises. Letters and various literary remains of Ruiz de Montoya are to be found in the "Memorial histor. espanol", XVI (Madrid, 1862), .57 sqq.; in "Litteraj annua; provinc. Paraguaria;" (Antwerp, 1600), and in the "Memorial sobrc limites de la Republ. Argentina con el Para- guay" (Buenos Aires, 1867), I, appendix; II, 216- 2.52; of. Ba^;ker-Sommervogel, "Bibl. de la C. de J6sus", VI, 167.5 sqq.

Dahlmann, Die Sprachenkunde und die Missionen (Freihuri;, IH'Jlj, H4 nqq.; Conquiula enpirilunl (Bilbao), Prdloyn; Sal- DAMANHO, Lot antiquoH JenuUan del Peru (Lima, 1882), 01 h<\>\.\ Xakqce, Vida de P. Ant. Ruiz de Montoya (Saragossa, 102); DE Anubade, Varonen iluHlreg (Madrid, 1000); Platzmann, Verzexchniti einer AuhwiM amerihin. Gramnuitiken, Wdrler- hiicher, etc. (I^eipzig, 1870), h. vv. GuARAvf and Ruiz; Muiy HALL, Between the Amazon and Andes (London, 1881), 248 nqq.; Revista Peruana, IV, 11 'J.

Anthony Huonder.

Ruiz de Montoya, Diego, f hfH^)logian, b. at Seville, 1.562; d. thf-rc 15 March, 16.32. He entered the Society of .J(*iUH in 1572 and wiw profc;.ssed 22 July, 1592. He taught philo80i)hy in Ciranada, moral thf^ol- ogy for one year in Baeza, and theology for about

twenty years in Cordova and Seville. For a time he was rector of the College of Cordova, and represented his province, Andalusia, at the Sixth General Con- gregation. The last years of his life were devoted to WTiting. His distinguishing characteristics seem to have been humility, a retiring disposition, and integ- rity. Notwithstanding the fact that the Duke of Lerma promised to obtain permission from Paul V to publish his manuscripts " De Auxiliis ", if he furthered his plans, he declined to advise the citizens of Seville to pay a certain tribute. Fray Miguel de San Jos6 considers him a most finished theologian; Merlin a wise, subtle, prudent student and faithful interpreter of the Fathers, and Kleutgen and Menendez-Pelayo think that he combined positive historic theology with scholastic, in a manner not achieved by anj'^ of the theologians who preceded him. His published works are: "Doctrina Christiana", WTitten by command of the Bishop of Cordova, published anonymously and several times reprinted; "Commentaria ac disputa- tiones in primam partem D. Thoma;" — (a) "De Trinitate" (Lyons, 1625), his principal treatise and one of the best on this subject; (b) "De pra^destina- tione ac reprobatione hominum et angelorum " (Lj^ons, 1628); (c) "De scientia, ideis, veritate ac vita Dei " (Paris, 1629); (d) "De voluntate Dei et propriis actibus ejus" (Lyons, 16.30); (c) "De providentia" (Lyons, 1631); (f) "De nominibus Dei". These are rare and much sought editions. In manuscript pre- served in various libraries: " De auxiliis", two volumes cla.ssified as very good by Father Vitelleschi; "De angelis"; "Commentarii in materiam de peccatis"; " Controversia; et quajstiones theologicae"; "De bene- ficiis parochialibus conf erendis " ; "De eliminandis e republica comocdiis vulgaribus"; "De statu eorum, qui petunt dimis.sionem in Societate Jesu"; "De causis dimittendi a Societate Jesu".

MuNOz DE Galvkz, Carta. . . sobre la mxierte y virtudes del Padre Montoya. Uriarte says this was signed in Seville in 1632 and was written by Father Felieiano de FiKuero (Catalogue . . . No. 3797). Andrade, Varones ilustres, VII (Bilbao, 1S91), 162; Michael a S. Joseph, Bibliogr. Crit. sacra et prof., IV (^Iad^id, 1742), 85; NicolAs Antonio, Bihliotheca Hispana Nova, I (Matriti, 1793), 311; Sotwel, Bibliot. scrip, societ. (Rome, 1676, 1774); HuRTER, Nomenclator, I (Innsbruck, 1892), no. 205; SoMMEBVOGEL, BibHolhcque, VII (1890), col. 323; Memorial del Colegio de Cdrdoba, I, cap. viii, p. iv, n. ii; Guilhermy, M6nologe: Espayne, I, 433.

Antonio P^rez Go yen a. Rule, Religious. See Religious Life. Rule of Faith. See Faith.

Rumania, a kingdom in the Balkan Peninsula, situated between the Black Sea, the Danube, the Carpathian Mountains, and the Pruth.

I. History. — The modern Rumanians are generally regarded as the descendants of the Dacians, a branch of the ancient Thracians; they dwelt north of the Danube in the territory now known as Transylvania, and formed at the beginning of the Christian era a comparatively well-organized state. Under the rule of able princes (c. g. Dec(!l)alus) they frequently threatened the Roman civilization between tJie Adriatic Sea and the Danube. Trajan first succcecled after several campaigns (102-0) in l)riiiging the country under the Roman doiniiiion: the new iioman province; received tlie name of Dacia, and eml)raced the modern Transylvania, Baiiat, ai:d Rumania. To replace the Dacians, a i)ort ion of whom had emigrated northwards, Trajan introduced colonists into the land from every part of the Roman Empire, especially from the neighbouring Illyrian provinces; these settlers soon converted the Dacian territories wasted by the wars into one of the most flourishing Roman provinces, which was shortly known as "Dacia felix". From the fusion of the remaining Thracians and the Roman colonists, who possessed a higher culture, issued in the course; of the third and fourth centuries the; Da(!o- Kumanian people. As early aa the second century