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 ROZSNYO

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RUBENS

ism, based on "common sense", and an "under- standing of human weakness". Under the Restora- tion he again took up pohtics; he became deputy and wiis president for five years of the Committee of PubHc Instruction as counsellor of state. As deputy he opposed both the intrigues of the Ultras, and the anti-constitutional manoeuvres of the Left. His discourses on the religious laws of the epoch show that he was inclined to admit, as a consequence of the Concordat, the interference of the State in Church matters. Educated by a Jansenist mother, and declaring voluntarily that "whoever did not know Port-Royal did not know humanity", he preserved certain prejudices against Roman in- fluence and gave expression to them in his discourses. He opposed the law punishing sacrilege with death, and the laws restraining the hberty of the Press. In 1827 he was elected by seven electoral colleges, became ]iresident of the Chamber in lS2S,and presented to Charles X in lS:iO the address of the two hundred and twenty-one in which the Chamber re-fused to accept Polignac. Royer- Collard described himself when he wrote to Barante (19 Sept., 1833): "My only vocation as a liberal was on the side of the Legi- timists". For the Pierre-Paci, Royer-Collard "doctrinaires" of

From a portrait by Maurin whom he WaS ' the

head, the legitimist monarchy without liberty was an arbitrary absolutism, liberty without the legiti- mist monarchy, anarchy. Under the monarchy of July he continued as deputy, but only as a spec- tator. The "Restoration", writes Barante, "was for him a country", and from 1830 this country no longer existed. He resigned from the Chamber in 1842, and pa.ssed his last jears in retirement, but his disciples, both in philosophy and politics — Jouffroy, Cousin, Guizot, Remusat — perpetuated the influence of certain of his writings; and M. Paguet declares that in the.se one must .seek "the most penetrating, the most solid, and the most far- seeing doctrine on parliamentary government". This he developed with a grave, austere elo(juence, trusting to logic for its strength. Whilst during the first half of the nineteenth century the word "liberal" was generally sj'nonymous with Voltaireanism and hostility to the Jesuits, certain speeches of Royer- Collard quoted by Barante .show that this liberal, esiKJcially in his later years, professed a deferential attaf;hment for the Church. "If Christianity", he wrote, "has h(ten a degradation, a corruption, Vfjltaire in attacking it has been a benefactor of the human race; but if the contrary be true, (hen the passing of Voltaire over the Christian earth has been a great calamity. " In a Ic!tter to P^re de Ravignan he comments upon the institution of the Jesuits as a wonderful creation. His death was that of a pro- fessing and believing Catholic. He was the incama^ tion of the upper middle class of his time. He was a member of th«! French Acame U^muwt in philosophy and hiHtoripal fragments by Koypr-f bollard; I)e Barantb, hi vie j)otilu/ue fie M. de Royer- ColUtrii. Ken iHhcouth rt net frritn (2 voIh., PariH, 18(11); Faouet, PolUuiU*H et mtrraliHle.ii ilu lU Hiirle, firnt wricH (PariH, 1891); Spclleb. Royer^.-oUard (189.5). GeOH(JE8 GoYAU.

Rozsnyo. See Rosenau, Diocese op.

Ruadhan, Saint, one of the twelve "Apostles of Erin" (q. v.); d. at the monastery of Lorrha, Co. Tipperary, Ireland, 5 April, 584. Ruadhan studied under Saint Finian of Clonard. His embassy to King Dermot at Tara, in 556, is worked into a lomance known as the "Cursing of Tara", but the ardri con- tinued to reside at Tara till his death (564). The legend as to Tara's halls having been deserted after 564 is of comparatively late origin, and is contra- dicted by the fact that a Feis was held at Tara in 697. St. Ruadhan founded the monastery of Lorrha. His bell is preserved in the British Museum; St. Rua- dhan's feast is kejit on the anniversary of his death.

O'Hanlon, Lives of the Irish Saints, IV (Dublin, s. d.); Hbaly, Ireland's Ancient Schools and Scholars (4th ed., Dublin, 1902); Ua Clerigh, History of Ireland (London, 1908).

W. H. Grattan-Flood. Rubeis, Bernardusde. See Rossi, Bernardo de.

Ruben [Reuben], a proper name which designates in the Bible: (I) a patriarch; (II) a tribe of Israel. I. Ruben, a patriarch, Jacob's eldest son (Gen., xlvi, 8; xlix, 3) by Lia, was born in Mesopotamia, and called Ruben ("see ye, a son") as an allusion to Lia's distress because of Jacob's previous dislike of her: "The Lord saw my affliction: now my hu.sband will love me" (Gen., xxix, 32). Ruben was deprived of his birthright in punishment of an incest which he committed in Chanaan (Gen., xxxv, 22; xlix, 4). It was at his suggestion that instead of killing Joseph, his brothers threw the latter into a pit, whence Ruben vainl}^ hoped to rescue him (Gen., xxxvii, 18-24; 29-30; xlii, 22). When Jacob refused to allow Benjamin to go to Egypt with his brothers, Ruben offered two of his sons as a pledge that lienjamin would be brought back (Gen., xlii, 37). To these few biblical data concerning Jacob's firstborn, numerous and worthless Haggadic details are added in rab- binical and apocryphal literature.

II. Ruben, a Tribe of Israel, situated east of Jordan, and sharing with the tribe of Gad, the original territory of the Amorrhite king, Sehon, between the Arnon and the Jeboc and as far east as Jaser, the border of the Ammonites. The respective lot of Ruben and Gad cannot be given with perfect ac- curacy (see Gad), although on the basis of Jos., xiii, 15-23, Ruben's territorial possessions are usually described as on the east of the Dead Sea and Jordan, between (jad on the north and Moab on the south. Among the prominent towns of the Rubenites were Baalmaon, Bethphogor, Cariathaim, Dibon, Hesebon, Jassa, Medaba, and Sabama. During the journey through the wilderness, the tribe of Ruben counted over 40,000 men (Num., i, 21; xxvi, 7) and marched with Gad and Simeon on the south side of Israel. To the same period are referred the rebellion of the Rubenit(> chiefs, Duthan and Abiron, against Moses, and its signal i)uiiishment (Num., xvi; Deut., xi, 6). After contributing to the conquest of Western Palestine; and sharing in the various incidents con- ne(ted with the erection of a great altar, the de- scendants of Ruben settled in a district favourable to pastoral pursuits (Num., xxxii; Jos., xxii). To- gether with the Gadites, they held aloof from the war against Sisara (Judges, v), were smitten by Hazael (IV Kings, x, 32-3), and carried into cap- tivity by Teglathphala.sar (734 b. c). The Ruben- ites were pre-eminently a pastoral race, little fitted to resist invasion, and several of their cities fell into the hands of Moab (q. v.) long before the tribes east of Jordan were carried captive by the Assyrians (cf. Is., xv; Meha).

Francis E. CJuiot.

Rubens, Peter Paul, eminent Flemish painter, b. at Siegen, Westphalia, 28 June, 1577; d. at Ant-