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ROUEN

according to a special rule, must end with the same verse as the first; this repeated verse, which they called "palinodie", gave the name of "Palinod" to the confraternity. Malherbe took the prize in 1555; Pierre Corneille competed in 1633, but does not seem to have been crowned; Jacqueline Pascal received the prize in 1640; Thomas Corneille in 1641. The three- volume Bible, finished at the end of the twelfth cen- tury for the Chapter of Rouen, is one of the finest specimens of caligraphy of the Middle Ages. A copy of the "Chroniques de Normandie", made at Rouen about 1450 for the aldermen and given to Colbert in 1682 for the royal library, is illustrated with ten miniatures which are among the most beautiful pro- ductions of the fifteenth century. The finest copy extant of the "Chroniques de Monstrelet" was made at Rouen and contains drawings of the greatest im- portance for the history of the fifteenth century. The manuscripts, written in the sixteenth century by order of Cardinal George d'Amboise, who brought back with him the most beautiful manuscripts from the royal library of Naples, compare favourably with those of the best Italian masters.

Besides those already mentioned, many saints are connected with the history of the Dioce-se of Rouen or are the objects there of special devotion: St. Severus (sixth century) who perhaps was the Bishop of Avranches and whose relics are preserved at the cathedral of Rouen; St. Austreberta, Benedictine abbess (seventh century); St. Sidonius, of Irish origin (seventh century); the hermit St. Clair, of Vexin, martyr of the ninth century; St. Lawrence O'Toole, Archbishop of Dublin, died at Eu in the diocese USO; Blessed Joan of Arc was imprisoned at Rouen in the tower constructed in 1206 l)y King Philip Augustus, and was burned in tlic old market ])l;ice 31 May, 1431, after her so-calle(l abjuration at the cenictcrv of St. Ouen; St. John Baptist de la Salle, who established the first novitiate of the Brothers of the Christian Schools at St. Yon near Rouen in 1705 and died at Rouen in 1719. The .saints given to the diocese by Fontenelle and Jumieges must aLso be mentioned. The saints of Fontenelle are: the founder, St. Wan- drille (Wandregesilus) (570-667) ; the abbots St. Bain (about 729), St. Wando (742-756); St. Gerbold (d. 806); St. Ansegisus (823-833), who compiled the capitularies or statutes of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious; St. Gerard (1008-31); and the monks St. Gond (d. about 690); St. Erembert, who became, about 657, Bishop of Toulouse; St. Wulfram, Arch- bishop of Sens and apo.stle of the Frisians (d. in 720); St. Agatho; St. Desir^; St. Sindoard; St. Conde (second half of the seventh century); St. Erbland or Hermeland, who died in 715 after founding the niona.s- tery of Hindre (Indret) in the Diocese of Nantes; St. Erinhard (d. 739); St. Hardouin (d. 811). The saints of Jumieges are: the founder, St. Philcert (675) ; St. Aicadre (d. 687), and St. Gontard (1072-95). The distinguished natives of the diocese should also be mentioned : the two Corneille brothers; the philoso- pher, Fontenelle (1657-1757); the Jesuit, Brumoy (1688-1742), famous for his translations of Greek plays; the Jesuit, Gabriel Daniel (1649-1728), whose three-volume "History of France", published in 1713, is considered the first reliable and complete history of France; Cavelier de la Salle (1640-87), explorer of the Valley of the Mississippi; the Protestant theolo- gian, Samuel Bochart (1.599-1677), a famous Oriental scholar; the numerous Protestant family of Basnage, the most distinguished member of which, Jacques Basnage (16.53-1723), is well known as a historian and diplomat; the liberal publicist, Armand Carrel (1800-36); Boildieu, the composer (1775-1834) and pupil of the cathedral music school of Rouen.

The principal pilgrimages of the archdiocese are: Our Lady of Salvation {Notre Dame de Salut), near Fdcamp, which dates from the eleventh century; Our

Lady of Good Help {Notre Dame de Bon Secours) at Blosseville, a pilgrimage which existed in the thir- teenth century; Our Lady of the Waves {Notre Dame dcs Flots) at St. Adresse, near the harbour of Havre, is a chapel built in the fourteenth century. Before the Law of 1901 directed against the religious orders, there were in the Diocese of Rouen, Benedictines, Jesuits, Dominicans, Franciscans, Picpusiens, Fathers of the Holy Ghost and of the Sacred Heart of Mary, and Brothers of the Christian Schools. Some religious orders for women originated in the diocese, of which the mo.st important are the Sisters of Providence, a teaching order founded in Rouen in 1666 by the Minim Barre and the priest Antoine de Lahaye, and the Sisters of the Sacred Heart, hospitallers and teachers, founded at Ernemont in 1698 by Archbishop Colbert. The religious owned in the Diocese of Rouen at the end of the nineteenth century 6 infant asylums, 43 infant schools, 1 asylum for deaf-mutes, 5 orjihanages for boys, 1 orphanage for children of both sexes, 28 girls' orphanages, 3 schools of apprenticeship, 7 societies for preservation, 1 house of correction, 38 hospitals, 1 dispensary, 26 houses of religious who care for the sick in their homes, 4 houses of convalescence, 2 homes for incurables, 1 asylum for the blind. In 1910 the Diocese of Rouen had 803,879 inhabitants, 5 archdeaconeries, 45 deaneries, 16 first-class parishes, 47 second-class parishes, 599 succursal parishes, 53 curacies and about 800 priests.

Gallia Christ, (nova) (1759), XI, 1-121, instr. 58; Fisquet, La France pontificale (Rouen, Paris, 1866); Duchesne, Pastes ipiscopaux, II, 200-11; Sauvage, Elenchi episcoporum Rotoma- gensium in Anal. Boll. VIII (1889); Fallue, Histoire politique el religieuse de I'iglise mitropolitaine et du diocese de Rouen (Rouen, 1850); Vacandard, St Victrice Mque de Rouen (Paris, 1903); Idem, Vie de St Ouen. ivique de Rouen (Paris, 1902); Ch^ruel, Histoire de Rouen sous la domination anglaise au X V' siicle (Rouen, 1840); Thierry, Armorial des archeviques de Rouen (Rouen, 1864) ; Loth, Histoire du cardinal de la Rochefoucauld et du diocise de Rouen pendant la Revolution (Rouen, 1893) ; Cl^rambray, La Terreur d Rouen (Rouen, 1901); Touoard, Catalogue des saints du diocise de Rouen (Rouen, 1897) ; Idem, L'hagiographie Rouen- naise in Revue catholique de Normandie, 1909; Lononon, Pouillis de la province de Rouen (Paris, 1903) ; Palinods prisenth au Puy de Rouen, ed. Robllard de Beaurepaire (Rouen, 1896) ; Guiot, Les trois siMes palinodiques ou histoire ginirale des palinods, ed. TouGARD (Rouen, 1898) ; Sarrazin, Histoire de Rouen d'aprhs les miniatures des manuscrils (Rouen, 1904) ; Cook, The Story of Rouen (London, 1899) ; Collette, Histoire du brfviaire de Rouen (Rouen, 1902); Enlart, Rouen (Paris, 1904); Perkins, The Churches of Rouen (London, 1900); Laaland, A Short Guide to Rouen (Rouen, 1907); Chevalier, Topohibl., 2618-28.

Georges Goyau.

Rouen, Synods of. — The first synod is generally believed to have been held by Archbishop Saint- Ouen about 650. Sixteen of its decrees, one against simony, the others on liturgical and canonical mat- ters, are still extant. Pommeraye (loc. cit. infra.) and a few others place this synod in the second half of the ninth century. Later synods were presided over by: Archbishop St. Ansbert some time between 689-93; Archbishop Mauger in 1048; the papal legate Hermanfrid of Sitten at Lisieux in 1055, at which Archbishop Mauger of Rouen was deposed for his loose morals; Archbishop Maurilius in 1055, which drew up a creed against Berengarius of Tours to be subscribed to by all newly elected bishops; Archbishop John of Bayeux, one in 1072 and two in 1074, urging ecclesiasti- cal reforms; Archbishop William in 1096, at which the decrees of the Council of Clermont (1095) were pro- claimed; Archbishop Goisfred in 1118, at which the papal legate Conrad asked the assembled prelates and princes to support Gelasius II against Emperor Henry Vand his antipope, Burdinus (Gregory VIII) ; the same Archbishop in 1119, and the cardinal legate Matthew of Albano, in 1128, to enforce clerical celibacy; Arch- bishop Gualterus in 1190, and the papal legate Robert de CourQon, in 1214, to urge clerical reform. Other synods were held in 1223, 1231, 1278, 1313, 1321, 1335, 1342, 1445, and 1581. The synod held by Arch- bishop Colbert in 1699 condemned F^nelon'a "Ma- ximes des Saints". The last provincial synod was