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 ROME

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ROME

the Scimmia, or of the Frangipani, near S. Antonio dci Portoghcsi, surmounted by a statue of the Madonna; the Torre Millina, in the Via dell' Anima; the Torre Sanguigna. The Torre delle Milizie has been erroneously called "Nero's Tower", that emperor being supposed to have watched from it the burning of Rome; it was built, however, under Innocent III, by his sons Piero and Alessio, partisans of the senator Pandolfo, who opposed the pope's brother Riccardo.

Guida Commerciale di Roma e Provincia (annual) ; Monografia della cilia di Roma (publ. of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Rome, 1881).

History. — Mommsen, tr. Dickson, The History of Rome (London, 1886) ; Dyer, A History of the City of Rome (London, 1865) ; Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages (London, 1894-1902); Gris.\R, Geschichte Roms und der Papste im Mittelaller (Freiburg im Br., 1901); Reumont, Gesch. Roms im Mittelalter (Stuttgart, 1905); Adinolfi, Roma nelV eta di mezzo (Rome, 1881) ; Tommassetti, La Campagna di Roma 1879-1910; Ehrle, Roma prima di Sisto V (Rome, 1908); Pompili-Olivieri, II Senalo Romano {1143-1870) (Rome, 1886); Calvi, Bibliografia di Roma nel Medio Evo (476-1499) (Rome, 1906); Appendix (more complete) (1908).

Monuments, Antiquities, etc. — Chandlery, Pilgrim Walks in Rome (St. Louis and London, 1905); Crawford, Ave, Roma Immortalis (London, 1905) ; de Waal, Roma Sacra (Munich, 1905); Stettiner, Roma nei suoi monumenti (Rome, 1911); Angeli, Roma, in Italia A rtistica, XXXVH, XL (Bergamo, 1908); Petersen, Das alte Rom (Leipzig, s. d.); Steinmann, Rom in der Renaissance (Leipzig, 1902); Lanciani, Pagan and Christian Rome (Boston, 1893); Idem, Ancient Rome (New York, 1889); Idem, Forum e Palatino; Boissier, Promenades archeologiques (Paris, 1881); Richter, Topographic der Stadt Rom (Nordlinger, 1889); NiBBY, Roma e suoi dintorni (Rome, 1829); Helbig, Guide to the Public Collections of Classical Antiquities in Rome (Leipzig, 1895-96); Armellini, Le chiese di Roma (Rome, 1891); Angeu, Le chiese di Roma (Milan, 1906).

Arch^ological Reviews. — Bulletino d' Arch. Crist. (1863 — ): Nuovo Bulletino d'Arch. crist. (1895 — ); Bulletino della Comis- sione arch, comunnle di Roma (1873 — ); Archivo della Societa Romana di Storia Patria (Rome, 1877 — ); Notizie degli scavi di antichitd (Rome, 1876 — ); Ann. Ecclesiaslico (Rome, 1911).

U. Benigni.

University op Rome. — The University of Rome must be distinguished from the "Studium Generale apud Curiam", established by Innocent IV in 1244-5 at Lyons for the convenience of the members of the pontifical Court and of the persons who flocked from all over the world to the Holy Sec. The Studium com- prised the faculties of theology and of canon and civil law. Clerics and priests could not only attend the lectures in the latter branch, but were allowed to teach it, despite the prohibition of Honorius III. The Studium accompanifMl the popes on all their journeys and was thus transferred to Avignon. In accord- ance with the Decree of the Council of Viennc, the Studium Curise was the first, owing to the generosity of John XXII, to establish chairs of Arabic, Hebrew, and Chaldaic; there was, moreover, a professor of Armenian. At Avignon profes.sorships of medicine were also instituted. During the Schism both the popes at Avignon and those at Rome had a Studium Generale; but in the former theology alone w;is taught. In the fifteenth century the Studium Generale was abolished in favour of the University of Rome. Pre- viously King Charles of Anjou, out of gratitude for his election as senator of Rome, had decided, 14 October, 1265, to erect a Studium Generale "tam utriusque juris quam artium" (of civil and canon law and of arts), but his plan was not carried into execu- tion. The real founder of the University of Rome was Boniface VIII (Bull "Insupremie" of 20 April, 1303), who established it in order that Rome, the recipient of so many Divine favours, might become the fruitful mother of science. The chief source of revenue of the university was the tribute which Tivoli and Ris- pampano paid the City of Rome. It is worthy of note that a school of law already existed in Rome in the thirteenth century.

The transference of the papal Court to Avignon did not at first injure the Studium Generale. John XXI I took a deep interest in it, but limited the granting of degrees to the two faculties of law. The Vicar of Rome was to preside at the examinations; to obtain a degree the candidate had to study six years (five for XIII— 12

canon law) and profess the same for two years. There exist documents from the year 1369 showing that de- grees were then granted. But later, in the days of anarchy that overtook the city, the Studium gradually decayed. In 1363 the statutes were reformed; among other changes, provision was made for obtaining for- eign professors, who would be independent of the various factions in the city. In 1370, however, or a little later, the Studium was entirely closed. Towards the end of the century the Roman Commune tried to restore the university by offering very large salaries to the professors. Innocent VII in 1406 gave it new statutes and arranged with Manuel Chrysoloras to accept the chair of Greek literature. But the death of Innocent and the subsequent political and eccle- siastical troubles frustrated this plan. The real re- storer of the university was Eugene IV (10 October, 1431). He drew up regulations for the liberty ancl immunity of the professors and students, and in- creased the revenues by adding to them the duties imposed on wnes imported from abroad. For the purpose of government, four rcformaiores, Roman citizens, were appointed to assist the rector. The position of chancellor was given to the cardinal- camerlengo. The university was located near the Chun-h of Sant' Eustachio, where it had first been established. The first college for poor students was the Collegium Capranica (1458, see Roman Col- leges) ; but the later plan of establishing another was not re.-ilized. The Studium of law soon flourished; but the theological faculty, on account of the com- petition of the Studium Curi;r, was not so successful. Under Nicholas V the classical studies developed rapidly owing to the labours of Lorenzo Valla, Poggio Bracciolini, Bnmi, Francesco Filelfo, Pomi)oni Leto, and the Greeks, Lascaris, Chalcocondylas, and Mu- suros. But the process against the Academia Romana under Paul II reacted on the university. Sixtus IV intended to suppress it and reduced the salaries of the professors. Better days returned with Alex- ander VI, who began the present building of the Sapienza, which was remodelled in the seventeenth century. It seems, however, that it was Leo X who suppressed the Studium Curise in favour of the University of Rome. In 1514 the latter had 88 pro- fessors: 4 of theology, 11 of canon law, 20 of civil law, 15 of medicine, the remainder teaching philosophy, mathematics, rhetoric, grammar, and botany. Lec- tures were given even on feast days. The number of students was very small, being frequently less than the number of professors. The blame is to be laid on the latter, whose other official and professional duties interfered with their lectures. Leo X estab- lished in the Campidoglio a chair of Roman history, the lectures to be open to the pubhc; the finst to fill the position was EvangeUsta Maddaleni Capodiferro. Leo also granted a new constitution to the university, obliged the professors to hold a "circle" with the students after their lectures, forbade them to exercise any other profession, and imposed a penalty for lectures omitted. He appointed three cardinals pro- tectors of the university.

As a result of the occurrences of 1527, the university remained closed during the entire pontificate of Clem- ent VII. Paul III immediately after his accession reopened it, obtaining distinguished professors, such as Lainez, S.J., for theology, Faber, S.J., for Scrip- ture, Copernicus for astronomy, and Accorambono for medicine. It is from this date that the university assumed the name of the Sapienza (a name used previously elsewhere, as at Perugia). In 1539 the professors numbered 24; 2 of theology, 8 of canon and civil law, 5 of medicine (one teaching anatomy and one botany), 5 of philosophy, 3 of Latin, and 1 of Greek literature. Julius III entrusted the administra- tion to a congregation of cardinals. Pius V enlarged the botanical garden of medical herbs pre\aously estab-