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 ROME

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ROME

English Sisters in the Via S. Sebastianello, and par- ticularly S. Silvestro in Capite (Pallottini) should be mentioned. In these churches, too, there are, regu- larly, sermons in English on feast-day afternoons, during Lent and Advent, and on other occasions. Sometimes there are sermons in Enghsh in other churches also, notice being given beforehand by bills posted outside the churches and by advertise- ments in the papers. Plrst Communions are mostly made in the parish churches; many parents place their daughters in seclusion during the period of immediate preparation, in some educational institu- tion. There are also two institutions for the prepa- ration of boys for their First Communion, one of them without charge (Ponte Rotto). Christian doc- trine is taught both in the day and night schools which are dependent either on the Holy See, or on religious congregations or Cathohc associations. For those who attend the public elementary schools, parochial catechism is provided on Sunday and feast- day afternoons. For intermediate and university students suitable schools of religious instruction have been formed, connected with the language schools and the scholastic ripelizioni, so as to attract the young men. The confraternities, altogether 92 in number, are either professional (for memb(>rs of certain professions or trades), or national, or for some charitable object (e. g., for charity to prisoners; S. Lucia del Gonfalone and others like it, for giving dowries to poor young women of good character; the Confraternita della Morte, for burying those who die in the country districts, and various confraternities for escorting funerals, of which the principal one is that of the Sacconi; that of S. Giovanni Decollato, to assist persons conflemned to death), or again they have some purely devotional aim, like the Con- fraternities of the Blessed Sacrament, of the Cliristian Doctrine, of the various mysteries of religion, and of certain saints.

For ecclesiastical instruction there are in the city, besides the various Italian and foreign colleges, three great ecclesiastinil universities: the Cregorian, under the Jesuits; the S(^hools of the Roman Seminary, at S. Apollinare; the Collegio Angelico of the Dominicans, formerly known as the Minerva. Several religious orders also liave schools of their own — the Benedic- tines at S. Anselmo, the Franciscans at S. Antonio, the Redemptorists at S. Alfonso, the Calced Carme- lites at the College of S. Alberto, the Capuchins, the Minor Conventuals, the Augustinians, and others. (See Roman Colleges.) For classical studies there are, besides the schools of S. Apollinare, the Collegio Massimo, under the Jesuits, comprising also element- ary and technical schools; the Collegio Nazareno (Piarists), the gymnasium and intermediate school of which take rank with those of the Government; the Istituto Angt'lo Mai (Barnabite). The Brotliers of the Christian Schools have a flourishing technical institute (de Merode) with a boarding-house (con- vitto). There are eight colleges for youths under the direction of ecclesiastics or religious. The Holy See and the Society for the Protection of Catholic Interests also maintain forty-six elementary schools for the people, mostly under the care of religious con- gregations. For the education of girls there are twenty-six institutions directed by Sisters, some of which also receive day-pupils. The orphanages are nine in number, and some of them are connected with technical and industrial schools. The Salesians, too, have a similar institution, and there are two agricultural institutions. Hospices are provided for converts from the Christian sects and for Hebrew neophytes. Thirty other houses of refuge, for in- fants, orphans, old people, etc., are directed by re- ligious men or women.

As the capital of Italy, Rome is the residence of the reigning house, the ministers, the tribunals, and

the other civil and mihtary officials of both the na- tional Government and the provincial. For pubhc instruction there are the university, two technical institutes, a commercial high school, five gymnasium- lyceums, eight technical schools, a female institute for the preparation of secondary teachers, a national boarding school, and other lay institutions, besides a military college. There are also several private schools for languages etc. — the Vaticana, the Nazion- ale (formed out of the hbraries of the Roman College, of the AracoeU Convent, and other monastic libraries partially ruined), the Corsiniana (now the School of the Accademia dei Lincei), the Casanatense (see Casanatta), the Angelica (formerly belonging to the Augustinians), the Vallicellana (Oratorians, founded by Cardinal Baronius), the Mihtare Centrale, the Chigiana, and others. (For the academies see AcADEAiiES, Roman.) Foreign nations maintain institutions for artistic, historical, or archaiological study (America, Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Prussia, Holland, Belgium, France). There are three astronomical and meteorological observatories: the Vatican, the Capitol (Campidoglio), and the Roman College (Jesuit), the last-named, situated on the Janiculan, has been suppressed. The museums and galleries worthy of mention are the Vatican (see Vatican), those of Christian and of profane an- tiquities at the Lateran (famous for the "Dancing Satyr"; the "Sophocles", one of the finest of portrait statues in existence, found at Terracina; the "Nep- tune", the pagan and Christian sarcophagi with decora- tions in relief, and the statue of Hippolytus). In the gallery at the Lateran th(>r(> are i)aintings Ijy Crivelli, Gozzoli, Lippi, Spagiia, Francia, Pahnezzano, Sasso- ferrato, ancl Seitz. The Capitoline Museum contains Roman ])rehistric tombs and houseliold furniture, reliefs from the Arch of Marcus Aurelius, a head of Ainalusunta, a iialf-length figure of the Emperor C'omiiiodus, the epitaph of the infant prodigy Qumtus Sulpicius Ma.xinms, the Esquilhie and the Capito- liiH> Vcnuises, "Diana of the Ei)lH>sians", the Capito- line \\'olf (Ftruscaii work of the fifth century b. c), Marforius, the Dying Gladiator, busts of the emperors and other famous men of antiquity, and Vespasian's "Lex regia"; the Gallery contains works by Spagna, Tintoretto, Caracci, Caravaggio, Guercino (St. Pct- ronilla, the original of the mosaic in St. Peter's), Guido Reni, Titian, Van Dyke, Domenichino, Paolo Veronese, and other masters. There are important numismatic collections and collections of gold jewelry. The Villa Giulia has a collection of Etruscan terra- cotta; the Museo Romano, objects recently excavated; the Mu.seo Kirchi'riaiio has been (>iilarged into an ethnograpiiical museum. The Borgliese (Jallery is in the villa of the same name. The National Gallery, in the Exposition Building {Paldzzo ilclT KsptLsizione), is formed out of the Corsini, Sciarra, and Torlonia collections, together with modern acquisitions. There are also various private collections in different parts of the city.

The institutions of public charity are all consoli- dated in the Congregazione di Carita, under the Com- munal Administration. There are twenty-seven public hospitals, the most important of which are: the Polyclinic, which is destined to absorb all the others; S. Spirito, to which is annexed the lunatic asylum and the foundling hospital; S. Salvatore, a ho.spital for women, in the Lateran; S. Giacomo; S. .Antonio; the Consolazione; two military hospitals. There are also an institute for the blind, two clinics for diseases of the eye, twenty-five asylums for aban- doned children, three lying-in hospitals, and numerous ])riv;ite clinics for paying patients. The great public ])ronien;i(h's are the Pincian, adjoining the \'illa Horghese and now known as the Umberlo Prinio, where a zoological garden has recently been installed, and the Janiculum. Several private parks or gardens,