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times the institute was put to its present purpose (cf. de Waal, " Der Campo Santo der Deutschen zu Rom". Freiburg. 1S97.)

COLLEGIO POXTIFICIO GrECO (ThE GrEEK PoX-

TiFic.vL College) is also a foundation of Gregory XIII, who e^tablislicd it to receive young Greeks be- longing to any nation in which the Greek Rite was used, and consequently for Greek refugees in Italj'. as well a^: the Ruthenians and INIalchites of Egypt and SjTia. These young men had to study the sacred sciences, in order to spread later sacred and profane learning among their fellow-count rj-men and facilitate the reunion of the schismatical Churches. The con- struction of the College and Church of S. Atanasio, joined by a bridge over the Via dei Greci, was begun at once.' The same year (1577) the first students ar- rived, and until the completion of the college were housed elsewhere. Gregor\- XIII endowed the college. The direction was entrusted to five cardinal protectors; the rector was selected at first either from the secu- lar clergy or from the regulars. Under Sixtus V, but for the energetic resistance of Cardinal di S. Severina, this promising college would have been suppressed. Gregory XIV on the suggestion of the learned Pietro Arendius, a former student of the college, entnisted the direction to the Jesuits (1591), who introduced a new method of government and a new disciplinary spirit. Within a short time the number of collegians rose to 56; some paj-ing students were admitted as boarders. Studies were pursued in the college itself; some of the professors were Jesuits, some secular priests, and some laymen.

In 1602 when Cardinal Giustiniani became cardinal protector, so many changes were introduced that the Jesuits withdrew from the care of the college which was entrusted first to the Somaschians and then to the Dominicans; but in 1622, at the request of the stu- dents, the Jesuits returned. Urban VIII ordered all the alumni to bind themselves by oath to remain in the Greek Rite, and this applied to Latins who en- tered the college surreptitiously; the regulation, how- ever, was frequently disregarded in the eighteenth century. After 1773 secular priests took charge. The college was closed during the Revolution and not re- opened till 1849; in the meantime the Greeks were ad- mitted to the College of the Propaganda. The direc- tion was entrusted first to secular priests, then to the Resurrectionists (1886), and finally to the Jesuits (1889). In 1897 Leo XIII reorganized the college. Owing to the generosity of the Emperor of Austria and to the Ruthenian episcopacy a college was provided especially for the Ruthenians, while the Rumanians were sent to the College of the Propaganda. The di- rection of the College of 8. Atanasio was entrusted to the Benedictines, who a<lopted the Greek Rite. The students jjerform the .sacred functions of their rite with the great^'st pos.sible splendour in the Church of S. Atanasio. Formerly the Latin Rite also was cele- brated in the churcli, but Lw XIII reserved it en- tirely for th(! Gre«-k Rite. The sttidents are all main- tained gratuitiously f)ut of the revenues of the college. They number about '.iO to :i5 and follow courses in the Pnjpaganda, Ix'sides having l(H:tures at home in Greek language and literature. They wear a blue cassock with a red sash, and an Oriental cloak with large sleeves (cf. De Mee^tLLEf;E), was founded, as said above, in 1897, and the Church of SS. Sergio e Biu-co was a.s- signed U) it. At first it was in chargf! of the Jesuit-s but HDinc years lat<T it was entrusted to th<- Ruthenian Basilian monks. There are affout 20 students, who an; Kupp^jrted partly by the lintlicnian bishops and partly by paying a small fee. They follow the lec- turf« at the Propaganrla, anrl wear a blue cassock and Boprana (cloakj with a yellow sash.

COLLEGIO InGLESE (^'EXERABILE COLLEGIUM AnG-

LORUii). See English College, The, i\ Rome.

CoLLEGio Beda is United to the Engli.sh College and intended for con^•erted Anglican clergymen wish- ing to prepare for tlie priesthood. It was founded in 1852 by Pius IX; and increased under Leo XIII. Cardinal Howard bequeathed to the two colleges his valuable librarj'. The country seat of the two col- leges is at ]\Ionte Porzio.

CoLLEGio ScozzESE (The Scots College), estab- lished in 1600 by Clement VIII for the education of Scottish priests for the preservation of Catholicism in their Fatherland; it was assigned the revenues of the old Scots hospice, which were increased by the mu- nificence of the pope and other benefactors. In 1604 the college was transferred to its present situation and in 1649 the Countess of Huntley constructed a church dedicated to Saint Andrew and Saint Margaret, Queen of Scotland. From 1615 till 1773 it was under the direction of the Jesuits. The students, number- ing about 20, are supported partly by the revenues of the college and partly by the Scottish bishops and by their own money. They attend the Gregorian Uni- versity and have a villa at Marino. Thcj^ wear a pur- ple cassock, with a crimson sash and black soprano.

CoLLEGio Irlandese. — See Irish College, in Rome.

COLLEGIO UrBANO DI PROPAGANDA (ThE UrBAN

College). — The foundation of this college is due to the zeal of P. Ghislieri, a Theatine, and to the gen- erosity of Mgr. G. Batta Vives, a Spaniard, consultor of the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda, then established by Gregory XV. Urban VIII approved of the plan of erecting a college for the evangelization of the East and enlarged the palace given by Mgr Vives; and under Alexander VII the Church of the Three Magi was added. Vives established in addi- tion six free scholarships; foundations were made by other pontiffs and prelates, especially by Innocent XII, Clement XII, and the brother of Urban Mil, Car- dinal Antonio Barberini. The college^ deiiends on the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda, which ap- points the rector, who at first was a Theatine but for centuries has always been a secular prelate, who is the parish priest of all who live in the Palace of the Propaganda; there are also a vice-rector, a bursar, and an assistant. Alexander VII imposed on all the students an oath binding them to remain under the jurisdiction of the Propaganda, not to enter a religious order without special permission, and to return after ordination to the priesthood to their dioceses or prov- inces to engage in the sacred ministry, and to send each year if in Europe, or every second year other- wise, a report of their apostolic work. Students are recommended by the bishops subject to the Propa- ganda, and the governing body select the students ac- cording to the number of vacancies, the places always being free. In 179S the college was dosed; some of the .students were receivecl hv the Lazarists at Mon- tccitorio. This lasted till ISO',) when all that remained of the college was suppressed. In 1814 som<! of the Propaganda students were again received by the Laz- arists, and in 1817 the college was reopened. From 1836 till 1848 it was under the direction of the Jesuits. The number of students is about 120. From the foundation of the college there have been courses of classics, philosophy, and theology, in which academic degrees are granted. The classical course lasts four years; the course of philosophy, including physics, and chemi.stry, and the history of philosojihy, two years; the course of theology, four years. On the feast of the Epiphany the schools hold a solemn academy in vari- ous languages. The colh^ge possesses a vahiabh^ li- brary. In addition to the many ecclesia-stical digni- taries among the ))ast students Xhv.rv were four martyrs: the Belgian Jactjues Foelech (1643); Pietro Ccsy (1680, in Ethiojjia); the Armenian Mclchior