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cotti (boiled lobsters). During the first year the higher courses were given in the college itself; but in the autumn of 1553 St. Ignatius succeeded in estab- hshing the schools of philosophy and theology in the Collegio Romano of his Society. He also drew up the first rules for the college, which served as models for similar institutions. During the pontificate of Paul IV the financial conditions became such that the stu- dents had to be distributed among the various col- leges of the Society in Italy. To place the institution on a firmer basis it was decided to admit paying boarders regardless of their nationality, and without the obligation of embracing the ecclesiastical state; German clerics to the number of 20 or more were re- ceived free and formed a separate body. In a short time 200 boardmg students, all belonging to the flower of European nobility, were received. This state of affairs lasted till 1573. Under Pius V, who had placed 20 of his nephews in the college, there was some idea of suppressing the camerala of the poveri tedeschi. Gregory XIII, however, may be considered the real founder of the college. He transferred the secular department to the Seminario Romano, and endowed the college with the Abbey of S. Saba all' Aventino and all its possessions, both on the Via Portuense and on the Lake of Bracciano; moreover he incorporated with it the Abbeys of Fonto Avellana in the ^Iarches, S. Cristina, and Lodivecchio in Lombardy. The new rector, P. Lauretano, drew up another set of regula- tions.

The college had already changed its location five times. In 1574 Gregory XIII assigned it the Palace of S. Apollinare and in 1575 gave it charge of the ser- vices in the adjoining church. The splendour and majesty of the functions as well as the music executed by the students under the direction of the Spaniard Ludovico da Vittoria and other celebrated masters (Stabile, Orgas, Carissimi, Pittoni, and others) con- stantly drew large crowds to the church. Too much attention indeed was given to mu.sic under P. Laure- tano, so that regulations had to be made at various times to prevent the studies from suffering. The courses were still given in the Collegio Romano; but when Bellarmine terminated his lectures on contro- versy, a chair for this important branch of learning was established in the Collegio Germanico and some- what later a chair of canon law. As a special mark of his favour, Gregory XIII ordered that each year on the Feast of All Saints a student of the college should deliver a panegyric in presence of the pope. Mean- while in 1578 the Collegio Ungherese had been founded through the efforts of another Jesuit, P. Szdnt6 who obtained for it the church and convent of S. Stefano Rotondo on the Ca;lian Hill, and of S. Stefanino be- hind the Basilica of St. Peter, the former belonging to the Hungarian Pauline monks, and the latter to the Hungarian pilgrims' hospice. In 15S0 the union of the two colleges was decreed, a step which at first gave rise to difficulties. The students generally numbered about 100, sometimes, however, there were but 54, at other tunes as many as 150. During the seventeenth century several changes occurred, in particular the new form of oath exacted from all the students of for- eign colleges. Mention must be made of the work of P. Galeno,thc business manager who succeeded in con- solidating the finances of the college so as to raise the revenue to 25,000 scudi per annum. A country resi- dence was acquired at Parioli. In the eighteenth cen- tury the college became gradually more aristocratic. Benedict XIV performed the ceremony of laying the corner stone of the new church of S. Apollinare in 1742, on the completion of which a new Palace of S. Apollinare was erected. At the suppression of the So- ciety (1773) the direction was entrusted to secular priests; lectures were delivered in the college itself, and the professors were Dominicans. DivSciphne and studies declined rapidly. Moreover, Joseph II se-

questrated the property situated in Lombardy and forbade his subjects to attend the college. The build- ings, however, were increased by the addition of the palace opposite to S. Agostino.

On the proclamation of the Roman Republic the property of the foreign national colleges was declared escheated to the Government and was sold for an absurdly small sum. On that occasion the library and the precious archives of sacred music possessed by the college were scattered. Pius VII restored what- ever remained unsold and ordered the rest to be re- purchased as far as possible. In the first years the revenues were employed to pay off the debts con- tracted in this repurchase. In 1824 the palace of S. Apollinare as well as the villa at Parioli was reunited to the Seminario Romano. The first students were received in 1818 and lived in the professed house of the Jesuits at the Gesil, and there the college re- mained till 1851. From that time the administration was entrusted to the general of the Jesuits, who ap- pointed the rector and other fathers in charge of the college. In 1845 the estate of S. Pastore near Zaga- rolo was acquired. In 1851 the residence was trans- ferred to the Palazzo Borromeo in the Via del Semi- nario where it remained till 1886. In 1873 when the Collegio Romano was taken away from the Jesuits, the Collegio Germanico found a home in the Grego- rian University. In 1886 owing to the necessity of having more extensive quarters, the Collegio Ger- manico was transferred to the Hotel Costanzi in the Via S. Nicola da Tolentino. The college receives Ger- man students from the old German Empire and from Hungary; places are free, but there are some stu- dents who pay (cf. Steinhuber, "Geschichte des Col- legium Germanicum-Hungaricum in Rom", Frei- burg, 1896; Hettinger, "Aus Welt and Kirche," I, Freiburg, 1897).

Collegio Teutonico di S. Maria dell' Anima. — In 1399 Theodoric of Niem founded a hospice for Ger- man pilgrims. A confraternity in aid of the suffering souls in purgatory was soon after formed, and in 1499 the first stone of the beautiful church was laid, near the Church of S. Maria dclla Pace. In 1859 this jna opera was reorganized; a college of chaplains to offi- ciate in the church was established; the chaplains were to remain only two or at the most three years, and at the same time were to continue their studies. They devote themselves chiefly to canon law with a view to employing their knowledge in the service of their respective dioceses; and they receive living and tuition gratis. Other priests also are admitted who come to Rome at their own expense for the purpose of study. At present there are 8 chaplains and about 10 other priests residing there. The college continues to assist poor Germans who come to Rome, either to visit the holy places or in search of occupation.

Collegio Teutonico del Campo Santo, estab- lished in 1876 to receive priests belonging to the Ger- man Empire or German provinces of Austria, who re- main there for two or, at the most, three years pursuing their studies and officiating in the Church of S. Maria della Piet^ near St. Peter's. The revenues of the Campo Santo and the chaplaincies that have been founded help to pay the expenses of the chaplains. Other priests may be received as boarders. As a rule, the chaplains devote themselves to the study of Chris- tian archaeology or Church historj^; they publish a quarterly review, the "Romische Quartalschrift flir christliche archaeologie und Kirchengeschichte ". The site of the Campo Santo dei Tedeschi goes back to the days of Charlemagne and was then called the Schola Francorum. In the course of time the German resi- dents in Rome were buried in the church of the Schola, then called S. Salvatore in Turri. In 1454 a confra- ternity was established, and in addition the guilds of German bakers and cobblers had their quarters there. In 1876 owing to the altered conditions of modern