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 RITES

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RITES

centurv'. In 1312 the second part of the Confiteor, which "till then had been ver>' short, was introduced. Daily commemorations of St. Anne and Sts. Albert and 'Angelas date respectively from the beginning and the end of the fifteenth centurj-, but were trans- ferred in 1503 from the canonical Office to the Little Office of Our Ladv. The feast of the "Three Maries" dates from 1342, "those of the Visitation, of Our Lady ad nii^e^, and the Presentation from 1391. Feasts of the order were first introduced towards the end of the fourteenth centurj' — viz. the Commemoration (Scapular Fe;ist) of 16 July appears first about 1386; St. Eliseus. prophet, and St. Cyril of Con- stantinople in 1399; St. Albert in 1411; St. Angelus in 1456. Owing to the printing of the first Breviary of the order at Brussels in 1480, a number of terri- torial feasts were introduced into the order, such as St. Joseph, the Ten Thousand Martyrs, the Division of the Apostles. The raptus of St. Elias (17 June) is first to be found in the second half of the fifteenth centur\' in England and Germany; the feast of the Prophet (20 July) dates at the earliest from 1551. Some general chapters, especially those of 1478 and 1564, added whole lists of saints, partly of real or supposed saints of the order, partly of martyrs whose bodies were preserved in various churches belonging to the Carmelites, particularly that of San Martino ai Monti in Rome. The revision of 1584 reduced the Sanc- torale to the smallest possible dimensions, but many feasts then suppressed were afterwards reintroduced. A word must be added about the singing. The Ordinal of 1312 allows /auxbowrdon, at least on solemn occasions; organs and organists are mentioned with ever-increa.sing frequency from the first j'ears of the fifteenth centun,', the earliest notice being that of Mathias Johannis de Lucca, who in 1410 was elected organist at Florence; the organ itself was a gift of Johannes Dominici Bonnani, sumamed Clerichinus, who died at an advanced age on 24 Oct., 1416.

Zimmerman, Le ceremonial de Matlre Sibert de Bcka in Chro- niquet du Corme! (Jambes-lez-Namur, 1903-.5) ; Idem, Ordinaire de I'Ordre de Notre-Dame du Mont Carmel (Paris, 1910), being the thirteenth volume of Bibliotheque lUurgique; Wessels, Ritus Ordinis in Analecta Ordinis Carmeliiarum (Rome, 1909); Weale, Bibliographia liturgica (London, 1886). The oldest Ordinal, now in Dublin but of English origin, written after 1262 and before the publication of the Constitution of Boniface VIII, "Gloriotus DeuK," C. Gloriosus, de Reliquiis, in Sexto, has not yet been printed. BENEDICT ZiMMERMAN.

Cistercian Rite. — This rite is to be found in the liturgical books of the order. The collection, com- po.sed of fifteen books, was made by the General Chapter of Ctteaux, most probably in 1134; they are now included in the Missal, Breviary, Ritual, and calendar, or Martyrology. When Pius V ordered the entire Church to conform to the Roman Missal and Breviary, he exempted the Cistercians from this law, because their ritf; ha^i been more than 400 years in existence. Under Claude Vaussin, General of the Cistercians fin the middle of the seventeenth century), several refonns were ma^le in the liturgical books of the order, and were appnived by Alexander VII, Clement IX, and Clement XIII. Thrae approbations were eonfirmef] by Pius IX on 7 Feb., 1871, for the Cisterr-ians of the Common as well as for those of the Strict Obsers-ance. The Breviary is quite different from the Roman, as it follows exactly the prescrip- tion« of the Rule of St. Benedict, with a very few minor a^iditions. St. Benedict wished the entire PsalU-r recite each week; twelve psalms are to be Raid at Matins when there are but two Noctums; when there is a third Noctum, it is to be composed of thrw! divisions of a canticle, there being in this latter case always twelve leswjns. Three psalms or divisions of psalms are appointed for Prime, the Little llours, and Compline Hn this latter hour the "Nunc dimittifl" is never saidj, and always four psalms for Vespfjrfl. Many minor divisions and directions arc given in St. Benedict's Rule.

In the old missal, before the refoim of Claude Vaussin, there were wide divergences between the Cistercian and Roman rites. The psalm "Judica" was not said, but in its stead was recited the "Veni Creator"; the "Indulgentiam" was followed by the "Pater" and "Ave", and the "Oramus te Domine" was omitted in kissing the altar. Aft«r the "Pax Domini sit semper vobiscum", the "Agnus Dei" was said thrice, and was followed immediately by "Ha;c sacrosancta commixtio corporis", said by the priest while placing the small fragment of the Sacred Host in the chahce; then the "Domine Jesu Christe, Fih Dei Vivi" was said, but the "Corpus Tuum" and "Quod ore sumpsimus" were omitted. The priest said the "Placeat" as now, and then "Meritis et precibus istorum et omnium sanctorum Suonim misereatur nostri Omnipotens Dominus. Amen", while kissing the altar; with the sign of the Cross the Mass was ended. Outside of some minor exceptions in the wording and conclusions of various prayers, the other parts of the Mass were the same as in the Roman Rite. Also in some Masses of the year the ordo was diflferent; for instance, on Palm Sunday the Passion was only said at the high Mass, at the other Masses a special gospel only being said. However, since the time of Claude Vaussin the differences from the Roman Mass are insignificant.

In the calendar there are relatively few feasts of saints or other modern feasts, as none were introduced except those especially prescribed by Rome for the Cistercian Order; this was done in order to adhere as closely as possible to the spirit of St. Benedict in prescribing the weekly recitation of the Psalter. The divisions of the feasts are: major or minor feast of sermon; major or minor feast of two Masses; feast of twelve lessons and Mass; feast of three lessons and Mass; feast of commemoration and Mass; then merely a commemoration; and finally the feria.

The differences in the ritual are very small. As re- gards the last sacraments, Extreme Unction is given before the Holy Viaticum, and in Extreme Unction the word "Peccasti" is used instead of the "Deli- quisti" in the Roman Ritual. In the Sacrament of Penance a shorter form of absolution may be used in ordinary confessions.

Missaie Cislerciense, MS. of the latter part of the fourteenth century; Mis. Cisl. (Strasburg, 1486); Mis. Cist. (Paris, 1516, 154.5, 1584); Regula Ssmi. Patris Benedicli; Breviarium Ciat. cum Bulla Pii Papa; IX die 7 Feb., 1871; Bona, Op. omnia (Antwerp, 1677); Gdignart, Mon. primitifa de la rhgle cist. (Dijon, 1878); Rubriques du breviaire cist., by a religious of La Grande Trappe (1882); Trilhb, Mimoire sur le projet de c6ri- monial cisl. (Toulouse, 1900) ; Idem, Man. cceremoniarum juxla usum S. 0. Cist. (Westmalle, 1908).

Edmond M. Obrecht.

Dominican Rite, a name denoting the distinctive ceremonies embodied in the privileged liturgical books of the Order of Preachers, (a) Origin and development. — The question of a special unified rite for the order received no official attention in the time of St. Dominic, each province sharing in the general liturgical diversities prevalent throughout the Church at the time of the order's confirmation (1216). Hence, each province and often each convent had certain peculiarities in the text and in the ceremonies of the Holy Sacrifice and the recitation of the Office. The successors of St. Dominic were quick to recognize the impracticability of such conditions and soon busied themselves in an effort to eliminate the embarrassing distinctions. They maintained that the safety of a basic principlr- of community life — unity of prayer and worship — Wiis eiidangerecl by this conformity with different diocesan conditions. This belief was im- pressed upon them more ff)rcibly by the confusion that these liturgical diversities occasioned at the general chaptcTs of the order where brothers from every province were a.Hsembled.

The first indication of an effort to regulate liturgical conditions was manifested by Jordan of Saxony, the