Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 12.djvu/812

 REIMS

730

REISACH

or of Mercy, at M^ziferes, dating back to 930; Our Lady Help of Christians (Notre Dame de Bon Secours), at Neuvizy, dating from 1752; the Virgin at the Oak, a pilgrimage organized by Archbishop Langenieux, in ISSO, to a little image which had been venerated by pious souls since the fourteenth cen- tur>'; the pilgrimage to the relics of St. Helena, the empress, at Hautvilliers. Before the Law of Con- gregations of 1901 was put into effect, there were in the Diocese of Reims Capuchins, Jesuits, Sulpicians, and various orders of teaching brothers; there are still Trappists, Wiite Fathers of Our Lady of Africa, and Lazarists. Many orders of women have had their origin in the diocese: the Canonesses of the Hotel Dieu, dating from the sixth centur>'; the Sisters of the Holy Infant Jesus, founded in 1670 by Canon Roland for the gratuitous instruction of poor girls, with the mother-house at Reims, a foundation which suggested to St. John Baptist de La Salle, a friend of Canon Roland, the idea of accomplishing a similar work for boys; the Sisters of the Divine Providence, a nursing and teaching institute, founded in 1850, with mother-house at Reims; the Sisters of St-Marcoul, who care for patients afflicted with cancer, paralysis, and scrofula, in the hospital of St-Marcoul at Reims. At the close of the nine- teenth century the religious congregations in the diocese had the direction of 3 creches, 52 nurseries, 14 orohanages, 2 workshops, 2 professional schools, 14 hospitals or hospices, 11 houses of religious women devoted to ^he care of the sick in their own homes, 2 houses of retreat. At the end of 1909 the Diocese of Reims contained 520,650 Catholics, 47 parishes, 545 succursal parishes, and 67 curacies (of which, under the Concordat, the salaries of 9 had been paid by the State).

Gallia Christiana (nova. 1751), IX, 1-332, instrum., 1-94, Fi^QUET, La France pontificate (Reims, Paris. 18f>4); Flodoard, IHtitoire de Veglise de Reims, Fr. tr. (3 vols., Reims. 1854-55); M.\BLOT, Bistoire de la ville, citS et universite de Reims, Fr. tr. (4 vols., Reims, 1843-6) ; Polyptique de I'abbaye S. Remi de Reims, ed. Gu^bard (Paris, 1853); PussoT, Joumalier ou Memoires, ed. Henry and Loriqcet (Reims, 1858) ; Cehf, Vie des saints du diocese de Reims (2 vols., Reims, 1898); Demaison AND Jadart, Apersu de Vhistoire de Reims (Reims, 19C)7); Cault, Histoire du college des Rons Bnfants (Reims, 1885); Idem, Etudes sur la facuUe de theologie de Vuniversitc de Reims (Reims, 1S9S); Landouzy, Le toucher des icrouelles, Vhdpital S. Marcoul (Paris, 1907); Bazin, Une vieille cite de France, Reims, monuments et histoire (Reims, 1900); Gobbet, La cathidrale de Reims (Reims, 1894).

Georges Gotau.

Reims, Synods of. — The first sj-nod said to have been held at Reims by Archbishop Sonnatius between 624 and 630 is probablv identical with that held at Clichy (Clippiacum) in 626 or 627. In 813 Arch- bishop Wulfar presided at a synod of reform (Werm- inghoff in "Mon. Germ. Hist.: Concilia a?vi Carol. I", I, Hanover, 1904, 253 sq.). On 17 June, 991, Abp. Siguin of Sens presided in the basilica of St. Basle, near Reims, over the sjTiod which deposed Abp. Amulf of Reims (Schlockwerder, "Das Konzil zu St. Basle", Magdeburg, 1906). In 1049, Leo IX presided at a reformatory synod (Drehmann, "Papst Leo IX u. die Simonie"", Leipzig, 1908). In 1115 a sjTiod was held at which the cardinal legate Cuno of Praineste excommunicated King Henry. In 1119 Calistus II convened a synod for the purpose of con- cluding peace with Henry V. There were present 15 archbishops, over 200 bishops, and as many abbots. In 1148 Eugene III was present at a synod against Gilbert de la Por6e (q. v.) and the ftmatic Eon de I'Estoile. In 1164 Alexander III presided at a synod which urged the crusade against Emperor Frederick I. In 1407 Abp. Guido III convened a synod to abolish the abuses that had crept into the Church of Reims during the Western .Schism. In 1528 Abp. Robert III held a synod against Luther. In 1.564 Cardinal Charles of Lorraine convened a reformatory synod to enforce the Tridcutinc decrees. In 1583 Cardinal

Francis of Guise held a sjiiod at which 27 reformatory decrees were enacted. After a lapse of almost three centuries Cardinal Gousset of Reims convoked a synod at Soissons in 1849; another, at Amiens in 1853; a third, at Reims in 1857. The acts of the last three svnods are printed in "CoUectio Lacensis", IV, 91-246.

For the acta of the preceding and many other synods of minor importance, see Gousset, Actes de la province ecclesiastique de Reims (Reims, 1841); Hefele, Conciliengesch.

Michael Ott.

Reinmar of Hagenau, a German minnesinger of the twelfth century, surnamed in the MSS. der Alte (the old) to distinguish him from later poets of that name. He is undoubtedly identical with the Reinmar referred to by Gottfried von Strasburg in his "Tristan" as the nightingale of Hagenau, the leader of the choir of nightingales, whose voice had just been hushed by death and who was to be succeeded by Walther von der Vogelweide. From this it may be inferred that the poet or his family came from Hagenau in Alsace (though there is also a place of that name in Austria), and that he died shortly before 1210, when Gottfried's "Tristan" was iftTitten. 0ther\\-ise we know nothing of Reinmar's life except what may be gathered from his verses. He certainly was in Vienna in 1195 at the Austrian court; he also participated in a crusade, presumably that undertaken by Duke Leopold in 1190. It seems that he lived for a long time at the Austrian court, where he enjoj-ed a high reputation and was much admired, even by the greatest of all minnesingers, Walther von der Vogelweide, who acknowledges himself as Reinmar's pupil, though this must not be taken in a literal sense. Reinmar's lyrics show the Romance influence that had been predominant since Veldeke and Hansen. They are perfect in form and thoroughly "courtly" in sentiment. Passion and natural feehng are repressed, maze, correctness and propriety, reign supreme. General reflections are common, concrete images and situations few. When, however, Reinmar breaks through the bounds of convention and allows his heart to speak, as in the lament for the death of the duke, which is put into the mouth of the duchess herself, he shows lyric gifts of a high order. But this does not often happen, and most of Reinmar's poems show more elegance of form than beauty of sentiment. In a society, however, where form was valued more than contents, such poetry was bound to meet with favour. Rein- mar's poems are edited in Lachmann and Haupt, "Minnesangs Frilhhng", XX (4th ecUtion, Leipzig, 1888).

Schmidt, R, v. H. und Heinrich von Rugge in Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Culturgesch. der germanischen Vdlker (Strasburg. 1874), 4; Paul in Paul and Braunes, BeilrSge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache- und Literatur, 2487 sq.; BtTRDACH, R. der Alte und Walther von der Vogelweide (Leipzig. 1880).

Arthur F. J. Remt.

Reisach, Carl von, b. at Roth, Bavaria, 7 July, 1800; d. in the Redemptorist monastery of Con- tamine, France, 22 December, 1869. On the com- pletion of his secular studies m Neuburg on the Danube, he studied philosophy at Munich (1816), and jurisprudence at Heidelberg, Gottingen, and Landshut, securing at the last (1821) the Degree of Doctor Juris Ulriusque. Devoting himself a little later to the study of theology, he received minor orders at Innsbruck in 1824, was ordained in 1828 after philosophical and theological studies in the German College at Rome, and in the following year graduated Doctor of Theology. Pius ^TI soon ap- pointed him rector of studies at the College of the Propaganda, an othce which brought him into close relations with the succeeding pope, Gregory XVI. Urged by this pontiff to devote special attention to