Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 12.djvu/804

 REGIUM

722

REGULABS

Cone. Trid., sess. XXIV, c. i. "De re/. Matr."; Riluale Ro- manum, tit. 10 cc. ii sq. ; Gaspabri, Tractalus Canonicits de viatr., nn. 1276 sq.

Andrew B. Meehan. Regium Placet. See Exequatur.

Regnault, Hexri Victor, chemist and physicist, b. at Aachen, 21 July, 1810; d. in Paris, 19 Jan., 1S78. Being left an orphan at the age of eight he was soon obliged to work in order to provide for himself and his sister. Up to the age of eighteen he worked as a clerk in a drapery establishment in Paris, but made use of all liis spare time in studying, until he was re- ceived at the Ecole PoMechnique in 1830. In 1832 he entered the School of Mines, was graduated, and in 183.5 he was attached to the chemical laboratory of the school, becoming professor and adjunct director in 1838, and remaining until liis call to the chair of physics at the College de France. Up till then he had been worldng in the comparatively new field of organic chemistry, chiefly in producing new com- pounds by the method of substituting chlorine for hydrogen equivalents in hydro-carbons. The re- sults were pubUshed in eighteen memoirs in the "An- nales de Chimie et de Physique" and earned for him the election as member of the Chemical Section of the Academy of Sciences. In 1843 he was com- missioned by the Government to investigate the properties of steam and to obtain numerical data that should be of value to the steam jngineer. _ The results were pubhshed in 1S47, as vol. XXI of the "Memoires" of the Academy of Sciences. Thej' obtained for him the Rumford Medal of the Royal Societv of London, and the exceptional appoint- ment "as Chief Engineer of Mines. In 18.52 he be- came Director of the porcelain manufactory at Sevres, where he eont inued his experiment s unt il his laboratory, instruments and papers were destroyed during the Franco-Germ.an War, in 1871. This, together with the loss of his talented son, a well-known painter, broke his spirit, and a stroke of apoplexy in 1873 was followed by years of long, slow agony. Daubree says of him,' that "only his religious faith could console him, and this consolation was not wanting".

His invaluable work was done as a skilful, thorough, patient ex-pcrimenter in determining the specific heat of solids, liquids, gases, and the vapour-tensions of water and other volatile liquids, as well as their latent heat at different temperatures. He corrected Mariotte's law of gases concerning the variation of the density with the pressure, determined the coef- ficients of ex-pansion of air and other gases, de\-ised new methods of investigation and invented accurate instruments. Two laws governing the specific heat of gases are named after him. This mass of numeri- cal data are recognized as standards by the engineer as well as by the physical chemist.

He was a foreign member of the Royal Society of London, received its highest honour, the Copley Medal, in 1869, and in 1863 was made Commander of the Legion of Honour.

"Cours el^mentaire de Chimie" was published in 1849 at Paris, and received several later editions. "Premiers ^Idments de Chimie", Paris, 1850, 6th ed., 1874, is a shorter work. "Relations des ex- p6riences", etc., 1847-70, were collected in 3 vols., Paris, 1870.

J. H. Norton in Natttre, XVII (LoDdon. 1878), 263; Voc.T. Pop. Sc. My. 13, 20 (New York, 1878); Dumas, Eloge historit/ue de H. V. Ri-gnaxiU (Paris, 1S81); Debray, Jamin, DACBRtE, and Laboulaye, DiscouTS, etc., in Complex Rendua. LXXXVI, 131-13 (Paris, 187.S); Behthbujt, Scimre et philos. (Paris, 1886), 218.

William Fox.

Regrulse Juris (rules of law), general rules or prin- ciples serving chiefly for the interpretation of laws. In a specific sense, however, vqultr j'iri.<s are certain fundamental laws in the form of axioms found in the "Corpus Juris", eleven inserted by Gregory IX at

the end of the fifth Book of Decretals, eighty-eight by Boniface VIII in the last title of Liber Sextus DecretaUum. These rules are an exposition of several laws on the same subject, conclusions or deductions, rather than principles, of law drawn from constitu- tions and decisions, and consequently reserved to the last title of the two books mentioned, in imitation of Justinian in the "Digest" (L, 1, tit. 17). While these rules are of great importance it must be remembered that few general statements are without exception. Some of these axioms are applicable in all matters, others are confined to judicial trials, benefices, etc. As examples the following are taken from Liber Sextus: No one can be held to the impossible (6); Time does not heal what was invahd from the beginning (18); What is not allowed the defendant, is denied to the plaintiff (32) ; Wliat one is not permitted to do in his own name, he may not do through another (47).

Reiffenstuel, Jus. Canon, (.\ntwerp, 1755). tr. De ReguUs Juris: Werxz, Jus Dmetalium. I (Rome. 1898), n. 140; Taun- ton, The Law of the Church (London, 1906).

Andrew B. Meehan.

Regtilar Canons. See Canons and Canonesses

Regular.

Regular Clerks Minor. See Francis Carac-

cioLo, Saixt.

Regulars (Lat. regula, rule). — The obser\-ance of the Rule of St. Benedict procured for the monks at an early period the name of "regulars". The Council of Verneuil (755) so refers to them in its third canon, and in its eleventh canon speaks of the "ordo regularis" as opposed to the "ordo canonicus", formed by the canons who lived under the bishop according to the canonical regulations. There was question also of a "regula canonicorum", or "regula canonica", espe- cially after the extension of the rule which St. Chrode- gang, Bisho]) of Metz, had drawn up from the sacred canons (766) [cf. capitularies (n. 69 circa 810, n. 138 of 818, 819, ed. Alf. Boretii)]. And when the canons were divided into two classes in the eleventh century, it was natural to call those who added religious poverty to their common life regulars, and those who gave up the common life sec- ulars. Before this we find mention of "sjeculares canonici" in the Chronicle of St. Berlin (821) (Mar- tene, Anecdot., Ill, 505). In fact as the monks were said to leave the world (St. Augustine, Serm. 49 de div.), sometimes those persons who were neither clerics nor monks were called seculars, as at times were clerics not bound by the rule. Sometimes also the name ' ' regulars ' ' was applied t o the canons regular to distinguish them from monks. Thus the collection of Gratian (about 1139;), C. xix, q. 2, c. 2 and q. 3, c. 1, speaks of canons regular, who make canonical pro- fession, and live in a regular canonicate, in opposition to monks who wear the monastic habit, and live in a monastery. But the Decretals of Gregory IX, pro- mulgated o Sept., 1234, use the word "regularis" in a more general sense, in book III, ch. xxxi, which is entitled "De regularibus et transeuntibus ad rcli- gionem". However in ch. xxxv "De statu monach- orum et canonicorum regularium" the distinction re- turns, disappearing in the corresponding book and chapter of the Decretals of Boniface VIII (3 March, 1298), t. XVI, in 6, which is entitled merely " De statu regularium" and reappearing in the collection of Clementines (25 Oct., 1317) but with the conjunction vel, which indicates the resemblance between them. (Although another edition has et, the title of ch. x, c. 3 Clem, in the official edition reads "De statu monach- orum, vel canonicorum regularium".)

From that time, while the word "religious" is more generally used, the word "regular" is reserved for members of religious orders with solemn vows. It means strictly those reUgious who have made solemn