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Avignon popes to Gregory XI (1370-78). In this latter series, besides the documents of general inter- est, they kept in \'iew particularly those documents that bore on the history of France. For the later eras only the first numbers were published of the Regesta of Leo X (151.3-21), edited by Cardinal Hergenrother (see under the different popes). In addition a num- ber of works have been issued or are in course of pub- Ucation that contain Regesta from the Vatican Regesta of the fourteenth centurj', bearing on special questions or on the history of various countries and dioceses, e. g., Werunsky, "Excerpta ex registris Clementis VI et Innocentii VI" (Innsbruck, 1885); Ruezler, " Vatikansiche Akten zur deutschen Ge- schichte in der Zeit Ludwigs des Bayern" (Munich, 1890).

Bresslau, Die Commentarii der romiscketi Kaiser un-d die Regislerbiicher der Papste in Zeitschrift der Savigny-Siiftung Roman. Abteil. (1885), 242 sqq.; PiTRA. De epistolis el regeslis Romanorum Ponlificum in Anatecia novissima Spicilegio Soles- mensi comparata, I (Tusculum. 18S5); Diekamp. Die neuere Lnleratur zur pdpstlichen Diplomatik in Histor. Jahrbuch (1883), 210 sqq.; numerous papers in the Mitteilungen des Insiiluts fUr oester. Gesch., as by Ottenthal, in V, 128 sqq. ; Kaltenbhttnner, ibid., V, 213 sqq.: VI, 79 sqq.; Bresslau, ibid., IX, 1 sqq.; DoNACBArM. ibid., XI, 101 sqq.; Denifle, Die pdpstlichen Registerbdnde des Valihanischen des XIII. Jahrhunderts und das Inventar vom Jahre 1339 in Archiv fur Literatur- und Kirchen- geschichte des Miltelalters, II (1886), 1 sqq.; Idem, Specimena pal{Eographica Regestorum Rom. Pont. (Rome, 1888) ; Palmieri, Ad Archivi Rom. Pont. Regestorum manuductio (Rome, 1884) ; Brom, Guide aux archives du Vatican (Rome, 1910); Haskins, The Vatican Archives in Cath. Univ. Bulletin, III (Washington, 1897), 179.

J. P. KiRSCH.

Reggio di Calabria, Archdiocese or (Rhe- GiENSis), in Calabria, southern Italy. The city is sit- uated on the slope of the Aspromonte, at the extreme end of the penin.sula, communicating with Messina by a line of ferries. Grain, olives, wine, fruit, fishing, the silk trade, and the manufacture of furni- ture have rendered Reggio an important trading port. The earthquakes of 1783 and 28 Dec, 1908, completely destroyed all the buildings, ancient and modern, and a town of wooden and corrugated iron huts now rises amid the ruins. The city was founded by the Calchidians in the eighth century b. c: in 723 it received from Messina fugitives who rose to supreme power. Inscriptions and coins show that it was a flourishing republic, and was governed by the laws given by Charondas to Catania (640). About the close of the sixth century b. c, Alcidamas became tyrant of the city, and his son Anaxila-s planned to ob- tain control of all Graecia Magna, but was unsuccess- ful. He was more fortunate in his attack on Zancle in Sicily, which he named Messana (Messina). His sons were expelled (461) from the city, which again became a republic. Dionysius ol Syracuse captured it in 389 after a siege of eleven months. On his fall, it became subject to Agathocles and later joined Pyrrhus against the Romans. When Pyrrhus aban- doned Italy, a mercenary Campanian fleet captured the town, and established a military republic (270). This was overthrown and severely punished by the Romans, who incorporated it, with all Bruttium, under their rule as a federated city. It still pre- served its Grecian character in the days of Augu.stus. Julius Csesar sent a colony thither and embellished the city, calling it Rhegium Julii. In the Gothic War it was attacked by the fleet of Behsarius, and despite the aid of Totila (549) was destroyed. It re- mained thenceforward in the hands of the Byzantines, though Authari claimed it as the furthe.^it boundary of the Lombard Kingdom. In 918 it was captured by the Saracens, who were defeated and massacred by the Pisans (1005). It was again captured in 1080 by Robert Guiscard, and united to his Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. In 1313 it was taken by Frederick II of Sicily, who was soon forced to abandon it. It was frequently sacked by the Turks and corsairs

in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and especially in 1554 and 1595 by the Calabrian renegade Sina Pasha Cicala. In Aug., 1860, the treason of General Vial enabled Garibaldi to occupy the city without resistance, thus beginning the downfall of the King- dom of Naples.

Through a misinterpretation of Acts, xxviii, 13, St. Paul was said to have preached the Gospel there, and to have consecrated his companion St. Stephen bishop; it is probable, however, that it was evangel- ized at an early period. The first bishop known ia Mark, legate of Pope Svlvester at the Council of Nica>a (325). Other bishops: St. Sisinnius (530), mentioned in the Acts of St. Placidus; John, legate of Pope Agathus at the Six-th Council (680); St. Cyrillus (749) ; Leontius, follower of Photius (869) ; St. Eusebius (d. 916). When all Southern Italy waa united to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, Reggio became a metropohtan see with thirteen suffragans, and followed the Greek Rite, which was changed to the Gallican after the Norman Conquest; Archbishop RiceiuUi adopted the Roman Rite in 1.580. The Greek Rite, however, remained in force in the church of Santissima Maria delta Cattolica, built by King Roger, and governed by a protopope with a numerous Greek clergj'. Questions of jurisdiction caused fre- quent controversies mth the archliishop. About 1600 Archbishop Annibale degU Afflitti suppressed the Greek Rite in that church, and the entire dio- cese now follows the Roman Rite. Other bishops: Rangerio (1192); Fra Gentile (1279), Franciscan; Pietro Filomarino (1404); Antonio Ricci (1453), restorer of the cathedral; Gerolamo Centelles (1529), reformer of ecclesiastical discipline; Gaspare Ric- ciulli (1560), a distinguished theologian at the Coun- cil of Trent, rebuilt the cathedral which had been destroyed by the Turks, and established the seminary; Mariano Ricciardi (1855-71), exiled after the an- nexation of the Kingdom of Naples; Cardinal Gennaro Portanova (1888). The sees suffragan to Reggio are: Bova, Cassiano (in the Ionian islands), Catanzaro, Cotrone, Gerace, Nicastro, Nicotera and Tropea, Opido, Squillace. The arclidiocese contains 80 parishes, 200,000 inhabitants, 200 secular priests, 4 religious houses with 20 priests; 5 convents of nuns; 2 boys' and 5 girls' educational institutions.

Cappelletti, Le chiese d'ltalia, XXI; Spano' — Bolani, Sloria di Reggio di Calabria (Naples, 1827); de Lorenzo, Cronache e documenti inediti da servire alia storia sacra e civile di Reggio di Calabria (Reggio, 1873-77} ; Idem, Monografia di Storia Reggina (Reggio, 1888) ; Minasi, Le chiese di Calabria dal quinto al duodecimo secolo (Naples, 1896) ; Guarna-Logoteta, Cronaca dei vescovi di Reggio (Reggio, 1899); Gay, Les dioceses de la Calabre d I'epoque byzantine (Macon, 1900); Duchesne, Les Mques de Calabre (Paris, 1902).

U. Beniqni.

Reggio dell' Emilia, Diocese op (Reginensis), suffragan of Modena in central Italy. The city is situated just where the ancient Via JCmilia is crossed by the small River Crostolo, which flows into the River Po, through a very fertile territory. The principal industries are silk, straws, and osiers. The cathedral is Romanesque, of the twelfth century, restored in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and has some remains of thirteenth century frescoes. In the museum is the scientific collection of Abbate Spallanzani, an illustrious philosopher, prehistoric antiques, and an ar* collection. The library has about 1000 manuscripts. There are also the state archives. Near Reggio is the famous Castle of Canossa.

Rf'gium belonged to the Boii and was reduced into a colony by the consul .Emilius Lepidus (187 or 178) and was by him named Regiiim Lepidi. In the Treaty of Quiercy Reggio was included among the towns which Pepin had in mind to give to the Holy See, but it never came into possession of the latter, except later, and for a short time. In 962 it was given OTth Modena to Count Azzo of Canossa. After the death